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 WA Museum Boola Bardip in 2020 | |
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| Established | 1891; 134 years ago (1891) |
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| Location | Perth,Fremantle,Albany,Geraldton,Kalgoorlie-Boulder |
| Coordinates | 31°56′59″S115°51′45″E / 31.949629°S 115.862402°E /-31.949629; 115.862402 (Western Australian Museum) |
| Collection size | 8,233,264 |
| Visitors | 971,528 (2021) |
| Website | museum |
TheWestern Australian Museum is astatutory authority within the Culture and the Arts Portfolio, established under theMuseum Act 1969.
The museum has six main sites. The state museum,WA Museum Boola Bardip,[1] is located in thePerth Cultural Centre. The other sites are: theWA Maritime Museum andWA Shipwrecks Museum inFremantle, theMuseum of the Great Southern inAlbany, theMuseum of Geraldton inGeraldton, and theMuseum of the Goldfields inKalgoorlie-Boulder.
Established in 1891 in theOld Perth Gaol, it was known as the Geological Museum and consisted of geological collections. In 1892, ethnological and biological exhibits were added, and in 1897, the museum officially became the Western Australian Museum and Art Gallery.The museum employed collectors to obtain series of specimens;J. T. Tunney ventured across the state from 1895 to 1909 obtaining animals and, later, the tools and artefacts of the indigenous inhabitants.[2]
During 1959, the botanical collection was transferred to the newWestern Australian Herbarium and the museum and the art gallery became separate institutions. The museum focussed its collecting and research interests in the areas ofnatural sciences,anthropology,archaeology, and Western Australia's history. Over the 1960s and 1970s, it also began to work in the then-emerging areas of historicshipwrecks andAboriginal site management.
In February 2008, theGovernment of Western Australia announced that it would build a newA$500-million museum at theEast Perth Power Station site,[3] equivalent toA$693.7 million in 2022. However, following the election of a new StateLiberal party government underColin Barnett, the redevelopment plans were scrapped in early February 2009.[4]
On Museums day in 2012, the Barnett State Government pledged to build a new museum at the Perth Cultural Centre at a cost ofA$428 million, equivalent toA$539.3 million in 2022, for completion by 2019–20.[5][6] The Western Australian Museum – Perth site closed temporarily from 18 June 2016 until 2020 to construct the New Museum for WA, designed byOMA andHassell.[7]
In late 2014, critical improvements to the museum's Collection and Research Centre (CRC) inWelshpool commenced. This site continues to house the museum's research laboratories and working collections throughout the construction phase. The upgrades to the CRC include new collection storage, laboratories, and workshops to support ongoing research and to ensure that collections can be adequately prepared and conserved.[citation needed]
The Western Australian Museum has six museum branches and four collection facilities. The museum also offers outreach services to all areas of Western Australia.
On 9 September 1891, the Geological Museum was opened at the site of the Old Gaol and housed the state's first collection of geological samples. The Old Gaol still forms a significant part of the Western Australian Museum – Perth and is one of the oldest standing buildings in Western Australia.[8]
Shortly after the Geological Museum was opened, collections were expanded to include geological, ethnological and biological specimens and in 1897, the Western Australian Museum and Art Gallery was declared. From 1971 to 2003, a greater part of the research and display collections were housed in a large building on Francis Street. This site was closed due to concerns withasbestos,[9] and demolition concluded in late 2011.[10]
Throughout the Western Australian Museum's history, the prominentJames Street location remained central to the museum's identity and the location of many large permanent and touring exhibits. Exhibitions on fashion, natural history, cultural heritage and history have attracted large numbers of visitors, includingA Day in Pompeii (25 May – 12 September 2010) which attracted more than 100,000 people.[11]
Permanent exhibitions which were on display at the Western Australian Museum in Perth included:
The museum closed for major redevelopment in June 2016.[12]
The Perth site also included the Discovery Centre, designed to help children and adults interact and learn about the museum's collections and research. After the closure of the main museum for redevelopment, the Discovery Centre relocated to a Discovery Zone in theState Library of Western Australia in September 2016,[13] but this closed permanently from 8 December 2019.[14]
After four years of construction, the Perth museum re-opened on Saturday, 21 November 2020.[15] The new museum is namedWA Museum Boola Bardip,[a] and features new exhibitions and topics such as the formation of theUniverse, WA's latest inventions, dinosaurs, newly discovered species and local communities.[17]
Inside the new complex are five heritage buildings, including theOld Perth Gaol, which dates back to 1855. It is also built around what is believed to be Australia's oldestgrapevine, estimated to date from the 1850s or 1860s, and encompassesHackett Hall, once home to theState Library of Western Australia, now displays the skeleton of ablue whale (nicknamed Otto), which was in storage since 2003. TheJubilee Building has been refurbished, with the terrace and grand entrance reopened.[18]
The Western Australian Museum has two branches in Fremantle: the WA Maritime Museum and WA Shipwrecks Museum (formerly known as Maritime Gallery and Shipwreck Gallery).
The WA Maritime Museum is located onVictoria Quay,[19] and contains galleries with themes such as theIndian Ocean, theSwan River, fishing,maritimetrade and naval defence. One of the museum's highlights is theyachtAustralia II, which won theAmerica's Cup in 1983. The museum is located in the historically significant Maritime Heritage Precinct, which includes the entrance to Fremantle Inner Harbour and associated installations; Forrest Landing - named after thepilot boatLady Forrest which is also displayed inside the museum, the remnant of the original limestone bar used by Aboriginal men as a crossing point at the mouth of the Swan River; the migrant Welcome Walls memorial; and the World War II submarine slipway area.
Immediately adjacent to the WA Maritime Museum on the WWII slipway isHMAS Ovens, anOberon-class submarine that is open for guided tours and commemorates the World War II Fremantle allied submarine base, which was the largest submarine base in the southern hemisphere, with 170 submarines of the British, Dutch and US navies conducting patrols from there.[20]
Nearby inCliff Street, the WA Shipwrecks Museum, housed in the 1850s-eraCommissariat Buildings, is recognised as the foremostmaritime archaeology and shipwreck conservation museum in the southern hemisphere. The museum contains a reconstructed hull ofDutch East India Company vesselBatavia, which was wrecked off the coast of Western Australia in 1629, and several other relics and artefacts fromships wrecked along the WA coast.[21] It also houses the horizontaltrunk engine recovered from the iron steamerSS Xantho, which sank in 1872. This unit, the only known example of the first mass-produced, high-speed and high-pressure marine engine, can now be turned over by hand. The museum's CEO is also responsible for the historic wrecks off the coast of Western Australia, and many shipwrecks appear in the exhibits. In 1980, the museum also commenced the development of a "Museum-Without-Walls" program via its "wreck trail" or "wreck access" programs atRottnest Island. These "trails" now appear at many places along the coast.
The Maritime Archaeology department primarily researches shipwreck archaeology from the Western Australian coast, including the famousBatavia shipwreck. Its staff members are involved in developing artefact management and cataloguing strategies, outreach and wreck-access programs, site-inspection techniques, and studies of diverse maritime sites, such as iron ship archaeology, characterised by its SS Xantho program and underwater aviation archaeology. The department also conducts master's level programs inmaritime archaeology in collaboration withUniversity of Western Australia.[22]
Refurbished in July 2010, the Museum of the Great Southern is situated at the site of the first colonial settlement in Western Australia,[b] in Albany. This museum explores the region's biodiversity, the stories of the indigenousNoongar people and ancient natural environment.[24]
The museum was the original residence of MajorEdmund Lockyer, the commanding officer of the settlement group that landed inPrincess Royal Harbour on 26 December 1826, and formally proclaimed sovereignty on 21 January 1827 forKing George IV of Great Britain, naming the place King George's Sound settlement (later renamed Frederickstown and then renamed again Albany). Together with the Old Gaol, and the buildings of the Amity heritage precinct (Breaksea Museum) and the non-navigable replica of the brigAmity, they were the subject of investigation by the Commonwealth of Australia andUNESCO as a convict colonial settlement (not included in the formal nomination).[citation needed]
The Museum of Geraldton is situated in Western Australia's rapidly growing mid-west region. This museum explores the region's biodiversity, mining and agricultural history, the stories of the indigenous Yamaji people and the Dutch shipwrecks. The famous 17th-century Dutch vesselBatavia sank in the nearbyAbrolhos Islands. This museum features the portico recovered from this wreck, which has been reconstructed to form the centre of the museum's shipwreck gallery.
The Museum of the Goldfields in Kalgoorlie explores the history of theEastern Goldfields, the city's mining heritage and the hardships faced by the early mining and pioneer families.[25]
The Western Australian Museum has an extensive research program, with museum scientists and curators specialising in the fields of aquatic zoology,archaeology andanthropology, conservation,earth andplanetary sciences, history, and terrestrialzoology. The museum also has a specialist materials conservation team.[citation needed]
The WA Museum Collections and Research Centre (CRC) at 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, houses most of the museum's collections and research facilities. It houses the following departments (staff and collections):[26]
There are also some of the collection items from the Maritime Archaeology and Maritime History departments housed at the CRC; however staff from Maritime Archaeology and Maritime History are located at WA Shipwrecks Museum.[26]
The Materials Conservation department is responsible for ensuring the millions of items in the museum's collections are permanently preserved for reference, research and exhibition through the use of preventive and remedial conservation techniques in accordance with international and national standards of best practice. The Materials Conservation department also possesses a research division in its overall structure which develop conservation techniques and methodologies.[28][29]
The museum has produced its own publications of books over time, as well asRecords of the Western Australian Museum since 1910[30] and for a short time between 1998 and 2005 producedTracks.[31] TheRecords of the Museum is the museum's peer-reviewed journal which publishes the results of research into all branches of natural sciences and social and cultural history. Between 1910 and 2012, over 800 articles were published in this journal, the vast majority written after 1975. All individual articles published through the records are available for free download on the WA Museum website.[32]
In December 2020 the Western Australian Museum removed what it said were two factual errors on labels in a multimedia display after complaints about their veracity, including from theconsul general of thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) in Perth.[33][34] One pertained toCOVID-19, which the museum initially labelled as originating from China. The other pertained toTaiwan, which the museum initially depicted on a map as acountry, specifically the Republic of China (ROC),[35] that is distinct from China rather than including "Taiwan as a Chinese territory".[36] This is controversial because "China regards Taiwan as a breakaway province which it has vowed to retake, by force if necessary. It says the ROC's lack of diplomatic recognition proves that the world agrees there is only one China."[37]
The museum altered the visuals in response to the complaints, saying that theWorld Health Organization is still investigating the origin of COVID-19, and that the map "did not include Taiwan ... as part of China, which is not in line with Australian government policy".[38] However,Mark McGowan, the premier of Western Australia, stated that "the decision to change the exhibits was the museum's."[33] Additionally, Mark Harrison, a senior lecturer in Chinese studies at the University of Tasmania, pointed out that contrary to the museum's claims, including Taiwan as part of China is "not actually reflective of 'Australian government policy'".[39] Rather, the Australian government "uses a deliberate ambiguity on the status of Taiwan" and "is very careful to not use maps of national boundaries that show Taiwan as part of the PRC".[39]
The changes drew a critical reaction fromHuman Rights Watch researcherSophie McNeill,[36] who said that it is "very important that our cultural institutions rely on accuracy and facts and don't bow to pressure from theChinese Communist Party who are often trying to censor and rewrite history".[33] In a statement, the museum rejected any claims of bowing to bullying, saying the errors "were literally factual errors that we were very happy to correct",[33] and that the errors were corrected in line with the museum's policy on accuracy.[39][36]
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China regards Taiwan as a breakaway province which it has vowed to retake, by force if necessary. It says the ROC's lack of diplomatic recognition proves that the world agrees there is only one China. But Taiwan's leaders say it is clearly much more than a province, arguing that it is a sovereign state. It has its own constitution, democratically-elected leaders, and 400,000 troops in its armed forces. Given the huge divide between these two positions, most other countries seem happy to accept the current ambiguity, whereby Taiwan has most of the characteristics of an independent state, even if its legal status remains unclear.
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