TheWest Hesse Highlands (German:Westhessisches Bergland), also known as theWest Hessian Lowlands and Highlands (Westhessisches Berg- und Senkenland), are a heavily forested region of theCentral Uplands in Germany. These highlands lie mainly within the state ofHesse, between that part of theRhenish Massif right of the Rhine in the west, theWeser Uplands to the north, theHessian Central Uplands[a] to the east and theWetterau to the south.
The West Hesse Highlands form one of the majornatural regions of Germany (Natural Region No. 34 or D46) and are part of the Central European Uplands as well as being the watershed between theRhine and theWeser. They comprise a line of hill ranges in the west, running north-northeast to south-southwest on the shoulder of theRhenish Massif and include theKellerwald, and afault trough in the east, theWest Hesse Depression.
The West andEast Hesse Highlands, together referred to as theHesse Highlands, combine to form thegeological unit known as the Hesse Depression[b] (Hessischen Senke), in its wider sense. Here, geologically young layers ofZechstein andBunter sandstone, and in places even younger rocks likeMuschelkalk, of theJurassic,Paleogene andNeogene periods, have been preserved.[1]
The highlands comprise the following geographical subdivisions according to the Hesse Environmental Atlas (Umweltatlas Hessen):[2]
The tectonics of theUpper Rhine Rift, which continues along the eastern edge of theRhenish Massif as far as theUpper Weser Hills, form highlands and lowlands here that merge into the volcanicEast Hesse Highlands beyond theWest Hesse Depression on their eastern perimeter. The ridges never attain the height of the loftiest peaks of the highlands to the east and west.
Although the two highland areas of thisCentral Upland region reach heights of 675 m (Kellerwald) and 615 m (Habichtswald), the typical height of the ridges is more like 400 m. Between them, there are large river valleys and depressions, in places up to 200 m lower.
The Habichtswald highlands, which are up to 615 m high, in the north are separated from the peaks of the Waldeck Plateau (Waldeck Plateau) to the west, generally between 400 und 500 m high, by the East Waldeck Basin (East Waldeck Basin). Immediately south of the plateau is the 675 m high Kellerwald. The latter runs away to the south, splitting into two ridges mainly around 400 m high: theBurgwald, to the southwest, and theUpper Hessian Ridge to the south.
South of the Burgwald is theMarburg-GießenLahn Valley to the west (up to 380 m high near the Lahnberge) and the Amöneburg Basin to the east, which is flat apart from the singularity of the 365 m highAmöneburg itself. The basin rises southwards into the 405 m high (Lumda Plateau) Vogelsberg foothills. In the far east, the West Hesse Depression runs alongside almost all the ridges mentioned, following the valleys of theSchwalm (south) andEder (north).
The northern part of the Burgwald, the southwestern Kellerwald and the Upper Hessian Ridge form part of the Rhine-Weser watershed and link theRothaargebirge with theVogelsberg.
The many depressions in the West Hesse Highlands and Lowlands have led to a buildup ofloess soils, which is why arable farming is widespread here.
The main rivers in the West Hesse Highlands flow from the west out of theRothaar Mountains: theDiemel (only right-hand tributaries, north),Eder (middle) andLahn (only left-hand tributaries and river valley, south). Whilst the two rivers of theWeser river system in the extreme northeast (Diemel) and east (Eder) discharge into the West Hesse Depression, the Lahn leaves the Highlands after following a semi-circular course and heads southwest into theRhine Massif again.
The right-hand tributaries of theWetter, a tributary of theNidda and thus part of theMain river system, only enter a small part of the Vogelsberg foothills in the extreme southeast. In addition, a few left tributaries of theFulda from the Habichtswald highlands join the Fulda itself just below the Eder confluence.
The following table lists the most important rivers in the West Hesse Highlands, from north to south and internally in a downstream direction, i.e. mainly from west to east.[3]
For a better overview or to sort them downstream based on the river system, enter the following DGKZ code numbers after the number 44 -Diemel, 428 -Eder, 24 -Fulda, 258 -Lahn and 2484 - Wetter.
Natural regions in italics are those outside the West Hesse Highlands; catchment areas and discharge quantities are given in italics where they only represent part of the total value (see footnotes below the table)!
| Name | Main river | Length [km] | Catchment area [km2] | Discharge (MQ) [l/s] | Source region (of the tributaries) | Main units | DGKZ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glinde[4] | Diemel (r) | 8.4 | 35.3 | Waldeck Plain | 340 | 44-32 | |
| Orpe | Diemel (r) | 19.1 | 98.1 | 774.2 | Waldeck Plateau | 340 | 44-34 |
| Twiste***[4] | Diemel (r) | 40.8 | 446.7 | 2,685.9 | E. Sauerland Hills (Waldeck Plateau; Habichtswald - r) | 332 (340; 342 - r) | 44-4 |
| Calenberger Bach (Holsterbach)***[4] | Diemel (r) | 9.1 | 34.0 | 88.7 | Habichtswald | 342 | 44-52 |
| Warme | Diemel (r) | 33.1 | 157.3 | 1,321.4 | Habichtswald | 342 | 44-6 |
| Esse | Diemel (r) | 27.6 | 191.9 | 1,187.8 | West Hesse Depression | 343 | 44-8 |
| Itter* | Eder (l) | 11.6 | 76.1 | 771.3 | Waldeck Plain (E. Sauerland Hills) | 340 (332) | 428-531 |
| Aselbach* | Eder (l) | 6.6 | 18.1 | 135.4 | Waldecker Fields | 340 | 428-533 |
| Werbe* | Eder (l) | 13.2 | 42.3 | 322.6 | Waldeck Plateau | 340 | 428-537 |
| Reiherbach* | Eder (l) | 7.4 | 27.3 | 188.9 | Waldeck Plateau | 340 | 428-538 |
| Netze | Eder (l) | 12.9 | 29.0 | 169.5 | Waldeck Plateau | 340 | 428-554 |
| Elbe | Eder (l) | 33 | 123.5 | 731.3 | Waldeck Forest (Habichtswald) | 340 (342) | 428-6 |
| Ems | Eder (l) | 34.1 | 146.2 | 753.3 | Habichtswald | 342 | 428-92 |
| Pilgerbach | Eder (l) | 8.8 | 25.6 | 102.2 | Habichtswald | 342 | 428-98 |
| Bauna | Fulda (l) | 17.2 | 47.4 | 333.8 | Habichtswald | 342 | 42-92 |
| Grunnelbach | Fulda (l) | 9.2 | 24.1 | 150.0 | Habichtswald | 342 | 42-94 |
| Drusel** | Fulda (l) | 11.4 | 11.0 | 96.4 | Habichtswald | 342 | 42-952 |
| Ahne** | Fulda (l) | 21.4 | 21.1 | 295.5 | Habichtswald | 342 | 42-958 |
| Espe | Fulda (l) | 8.6 | 24.3 | 159.5 | Habichtswald | 342 | 42-992 |
| Nemphe | Eder (r) | 14.2 | 38.4 | 293.5 | NorthernBurgwald | 345 | 428-198 |
| Lengelbach | Eder (r) | 11.4 | 25.9 | 209.9 | Northern Burgwald (Kellerwald - r) | 345 (344) | 428-32 |
| Lorfe | Eder (r) | 11.8 | 24.3 | 245.7 | Kellerwald | 344 | 428-512 |
| Banferbach* | Eder (r) | 7.2 | 16.4 | 213.9 | Kellerwald | 344 | 428-535 |
| Wesebach | Eder (r) | 25.3 | 63.4 | 618.2 | Kellerwald | 344 | 428-56 |
| Wilde | Eder (r) | 17.1 | 51.9 | 471.4 | Kellerwald | 344 | 428-58 |
| Schwalm | Eder (r) | 97.1 | 1,298.8 | 9,044.5 | Vogelsberg (Fulda-Haune Tableland,Knüll - r; U. Hessian Ridge, Kellerwald - l) | 350/1 (355, 356 - r; 346, 344 - l) | 428-8 |
| Wetschaft | Lahn (l) | 29.0 | 196.2 | 1,701.6 | Northern Burgwald (E. Sauerland Hills,Rothaargebirge - r) | 345 (332, 333) | 258-18 |
| Ohm | Lahn (l) | 59.7 | 983.8 | 7,949.8 | Vogelsberg (U. Hessian Ridge, Kellerwald, Burgwald - r; Vogelsberg foothills - l) | 350/1 (346, 344, 345 - r; 349 - l) | 258-2 |
| Zwester Ohm | Lahn (l) | 20.0 | 69.5 | 405.2 | Vogelsberg foothills | 349 | 258-334 |
| Lumda | Lahn (l) | 30.0 | 131.5 | 950.4 | Vogelsberg foothills | 349 | 258-36 |
| Wieseck | Lahn (l) | 24.3 | 119.6 | 663.5 | Vogelsberg foothills | 349 | 258-38 |
| Kleebach | Lahn (l) | 26.9 | 164.6 | 815.9 | Eastern Hintertaunus (Vogelsberg foothills - r) | 302 (349) | 258-396 |
| Lauter | Wetter (r) | 7.0 | 13.6 | 126.2 | Vogelsberg foothills | 349 | 2484-14 |
| Äschersbach | Wetter (r) | 13.6 | 42.9 | 325.3 | Vogelsberg foothills | 349 | 2484-2 |
(*:Edersee tributaries); **: Catchment area and discharge somewhat larger than given in the table, because the lower courses are combined with the Fulda sections; ***: Discharge value excluding confluence region inNRW)
The two longest and biggest rivers in the table by far, theSchwalm and theOhm, have a special role. They both emerge in theVogelsberg, which the Ohm leaves after about 45% of its total length and 27% of its catchment area with roughly 35% of its volume[3] (see alsohere). The Schwalm, on the other hand, leaves the Vogelsberg much earlier and receives about half its water volume at its mouth from right-hand tributaries from theEast Hesse Highlands.
Because the river systems of both rivers drain several major areas, they may be considered more or less as major rivers.
Rivers which enter the Schwalm from the left out of the West Hesse Highlands include the following:
Significant tributaries from the middle and lower courses of the Ohm are:
Other rivers crossing the boundary of this natural region are the Twiste in the northwest, theKleebach in the southwest and theWetschaft in the west.
The Wetschaft, which is fed from the left by the Burgwald, receives more water at its confluence with the Treisbach (r, 16.8 km, 68.2 km2) flowing out of theRothaargebirge (810 L/s) than it delivers to that point (666.2 L/s), despite the fact that it has already been fed from the right by theEast Sauerland Hills
The Kleebach on the other hand draws most of its water from theEastern Hintertaunus, only receiving a small quantity of water from the Vogelsberg foothills via its right-hand stream, theLückenbach (12.0 km, 38.9 km2, 139 km).
Opposite, the Twiste rises almost in theEast Sauerland Hills, but receives, apart from this source region, all its water from the West Hesse Highlands. Likewise, only a little water flows into the Itter in the northwest from the eastern slopes of those particular hills.
The largest and most important stretch of water in the West Hesse Highlands by far is theEdersee. Other lakes and reservoirs are listed below:
| Name | Dammed river | Area [ha] | Catchment area [km2] | Discharge (MQ) [l/s] | Height above [NN] | Location | Main- units |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edersee | Eder | 11.800 | 1.406,1 | 21.795,4 | 245 | Kellerwald | 344 |
| Affolderner See | Eder | 165 | 1.452.4 | 22.104,5 | 204 | East Waldeck Basin | 341 |
| Twistesee | Twiste | 76 | 125,3 | 828,6 | 210 | Waldeck Forest | 340 |
| Antrift Valley Dam | Antreff | 31 | 61,6 | 674,0 | 281 | Northern Vogelsberg Foreland | 346 |
| Borkener See | (N/A) | 139 | 3,5 | 177 | West Hesse Depression | 343 | |
| Singliser See | (N/A) | 74 | 185 | West Hesse Depression | 343 |
Dickinson, Robert E. (1964).Germany: A regional and economic geography (2nd ed.). London: Methuen.