Wendell Ford | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait,c. 1990s | |
| Senate Minority Whip | |
| In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1999 | |
| Leader | Tom Daschle |
| Preceded by | Alan Simpson |
| Succeeded by | Harry Reid |
| Senate Majority Whip | |
| In office January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1995 | |
| Leader | George J. Mitchell |
| Preceded by | Alan Cranston |
| Succeeded by | Trent Lott |
| United States Senator fromKentucky | |
| In office December 28, 1974 – January 3, 1999 | |
| Preceded by | Marlow Cook |
| Succeeded by | Jim Bunning |
| 53rdGovernor of Kentucky | |
| In office December 7, 1971 – December 28, 1974 | |
| Lieutenant | Julian Carroll |
| Preceded by | Louie Nunn |
| Succeeded by | Julian Carroll |
| 45thLieutenant Governor of Kentucky | |
| In office December 12, 1967 – December 7, 1971 | |
| Governor | Louie Nunn |
| Preceded by | Harry Lee Waterfield |
| Succeeded by | Julian Carroll |
| Member of theKentucky Senate from the8th district | |
| In office January 1, 1966 – December 12, 1967 | |
| Preceded by | Casper Gardner |
| Succeeded by | Delbert Murphy |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Wendell Hampton Ford (1924-09-08)September 8, 1924 Daviess County, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | January 22, 2015(2015-01-22) (aged 90) Owensboro, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Resting place | Rosehill Elmwood Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater |
|
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1944–1946 1949–1962 |
| Rank | First Lieutenant |
| Unit | Kentucky Army National Guard |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | |
Wendell Hampton Ford (September 8, 1924 – January 22, 2015) was an American politician fromKentucky. A member of theDemocratic Party, he served as the 53rdGovernor of Kentucky from 1971 to 1974, and as a member of theUnited States Senate from 1974 to 1999. He was the first person to be successively electedLieutenant Governor of Kentucky, governor, and United States Senate member in Kentucky history.[1] He was theSenate Democratic whip from 1991 to 1999, and was considered the leader of the state's Democratic Party from his election as governor in 1971 until he retired from the Senate in 1999.[2] At the time of his retirement he was the longest-serving senator in Kentucky's history, a mark which was then surpassed byMitch McConnell, in 2009. Ford is the last Democrat to have served as a U.S. Senate member from the state of Kentucky.
Born inDaviess County, Kentucky, Ford attended theUniversity of Kentucky, but his studies were interrupted by his service in World War II. After the war, he graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance and returned to Kentucky to help his father with the family insurance business. He also continued his military service in theKentucky Army National Guard. He worked on the gubernatorial campaign ofBert Combs in 1959 and became Combs's executive assistant when Combs was elected governor. Encouraged to run for theKentucky Senate by Combs's ally and successor,Ned Breathitt, Ford won the seat and served one four-year term before running for lieutenant governor in 1967. He was elected on asplit ticket withRepublicanLouie Nunn. Four years later, Ford defeated Combs in an upset in the Democraticprimary election en route to the governorship.
As governor, Ford made the government more efficient by reorganizing and consolidating some departments in the executive branch. He raised revenue for the state through aseverance tax on coal and enacted reforms to the educational system. He purged most of the Republicans from statewide office, including helpingWalter Dee Huddleston win the Senate seat vacated by the retirement of Republican stalwartJohn Sherman Cooper. In 1974, Ford himself ousted the other incumbent senator, RepublicanMarlow Cook. Following the rapid rise of Ford and many of his political allies, he and his lieutenant governor,Julian Carroll, were investigated on charges ofpolitical corruption, but agrand jury refused to indict them. As a senator, Ford was a staunch defender of Kentucky'stobacco industry. He also formed theSenate National Guard Caucus withRepublican U.S. SenatorKit Bond fromMissouri. Chosen as Democratic party whip in 1991, Ford considered running forfloor leader in 1994 before throwing his support to U.S. Senate memberChris Dodd ofConnecticut. He retired from the Senate in 1999 and returned to Owensboro, where he taught politics to youth at the Owensboro Museum of Science and History.
Wendell Ford was born nearOwensboro, inDaviess County, Kentucky, on September 8, 1924.[3] He was the son of Ernest M. and Irene Woolfork (Schenk) Ford.[4] His father was a member of theKentucky Senate and ally of Governor of KentuckyEarle Clements.[2] Ford obtained his early education in the public schools of Daviess County and graduated fromDaviess County High School.[5] From 1942 to 1943, he attended theUniversity of Kentucky.[3]
On September 18, 1943, Ford married Ruby Jean Neel (born 1924) of Owensboro at the home of the bride's parents.[6] The couple had two children. Daughter Shirley (Ford) Dexter was born in 1950 and son Steven Ford was born in 1954.[2][6] The family attended First Baptist Church in Owensboro.[6]
In 1944, Ford left the University of Kentucky to join theUnited States Army, enlisting for service inWorld War II on July 22, 1944.[7] He was trained as an administrativenon-commissioned officer and promoted to the rank oftechnical sergeant on November 17, 1945.[7] Over the course of his service, he received theAmerican Campaign Medal and theWorld War II Victory Medal and earned theExpert Infantryman Badge andGood Conduct Medal.[7] He was honorably discharged on June 18, 1946.[4]
Following the war, Ford returned home to work with his father in the family insurance business, and graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance in 1947.[3][4] On June 7, 1949, he enlisted in theKentucky Army National Guard and was assigned to Company I of the 149th Infantry Regimental Combat Team in Owensboro.[7] On August 7, 1949, he was promoted toSecond lieutenant of Infantry.[7] In 1949, Ford'scompany was converted from infantry totanks, and Ford served as aCompany Commander in the 240th Tank Battalion.[7] Promoted toFirst lieutenant of Armor, he transferred to the inactive Guard in 1956, before being discharged in 1962.[7]
Ford was very active in civic affairs, becoming the first Kentuckian to serve as president of theJunior Chamber International in 1954.[2][4] He was a youth chairman ofBert Combs' 1959 gubernatorial campaign.[2] After Combs's election, Ford served as Combs's executive assistant from 1959 to 1963.[3] When his mother died in 1963, Ford returned to Owensboro to help his father with the family insurance agency.[2] Although it was speculated he would run for lieutenant governor that year, Ford later insisted he had decided not to re-enter politics until GovernorNed Breathitt asked him to run against Casper "Cap" Gardner, the state senate'smajority leader and a major obstacle to Breathitt'sprogressive legislative agenda.[2] Ford won the 1965 election by only 305 votes but quickly became a key player in the state senate.[2] Representing the Eighth District, including Daviess andHancock counties, Ford introduced 22 major pieces of legislation that became law during his single term in the senate.[4]
In 1967, Ford ran forLieutenant Governor of Kentucky, this time against the wishes of Breathitt and Combs, whose pick wasRobert F. Matthews Jr., who wasAttorney General of Kentucky.[2] Ford defeated Matthews by 631 votes, 0.2% of the total vote count in theprimary.[2] He ran an independent campaign and won in the general election even as Combs-Breathitt pickHenry Ward lost the race for governor to RepublicanLouie Nunn.[2] Republicans and Democrats split the state offices, with five going to Republicans and four going to Democrats.[4]
During his time as lieutenant governor, Ford rebuilt the state's Democraticpolitical machine, which would help elect him and others, including U.S. Senate memberWalter Dee Huddleston and Governor of KentuckyMartha Layne Collins.[2] When Governor of Kentucky Louie Nunn asked the legislature to increase the statesales tax in 1968 from 3 percent to 5 percent, Ford opposed the measure, saying it should only pass if food and medicine were exempted.[2] Ford lost this battle; the increase passed without exemptions.[2] From 1970 to 1971, Ford was a member of the executive committee of the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors.[8] While lieutenant governor, he became an honorary member ofLambda Chi Alpha fraternity in 1969.[9]
At the expiration of his term as lieutenant governor, Ford was one of eight candidates to enter the 1971 Democratic gubernatorial primary.[4] The favorite of the field was Ford's mentor, Combs.[4] During the campaign, Ford attacked Combs on the grounds of age and the sales tax enacted during Combs's administration.[10] He also questioned why Combs would leave his better-paying federal judgeship to run for a second term as governor.[10] Ford garnered more votes than Combs and the other six candidates combined, and attributed his unlikely win over Combs in the primary to superior strategy and Combs's underestimation of his candidacy.[2][4] Following the election, Combs correctly predicted "This is the end of the road for me politically."[10]
Ford went on to win the governorship in a four-way general election that included another former Democratic governor,Happy Chandler, who ran as anIndependent.[4] Ford finished more than 58,000 votes ahead of his closest rival, RepublicanTom Emberton.[4] With Combs and Chandler both out of politics, factionalism in the Kentucky Democratic Party began to wane.[10]
As governor, Ford raised revenue from aseverance tax on coal, a two-cent-per-gallon tax on gasoline, and an increased corporate tax.[5] He balanced these increases by exempting food from the state sales tax.[5] The resulting large budget surplus allowed him to propose several construction projects.[5] His victory in the primary had been largely due toJefferson County, Kentucky, and he returned the favor by approving funds to build theKentucky International Convention Center and expand theKentucky Exposition Center.[2] He also shepherded a package of reforms to the state's criminal justice system through the first legislative session of his term.[2]
Ford oversaw the transition of theUniversity of Louisville from municipal to state funding.[2] He pushed for reforms to the state's education system, giving up his own chairmanship of the University of Kentucky board of trustees and extending voting rights to student and faculty members of university boards.[2] These changes generally shifted administration positions in the state's colleges from political rewards to professional appointments.[2] He increased funding to the state's education budget and gave expanded powers to theKentucky Council on Postsecondary Education.[5] Hevetoed a measure that would have allowedcollective bargaining for teachers.[5]
Ford drew praise for his attention to the mundane task of improving the efficiency and organization of executive departments, creating several "super cabinets" under which many departments were consolidated.[5][11] During the 1972 legislative session, he created the Department of Finance and Administration, combining the functions of the Kentucky Program Development Office and the Department of Finance.[11] Constitutional limits sometimes prevented him from combining like functions, but Ford made the reorganization a top priority and realized some savings to the state.[11]
On March 21, 1972, theSupreme Court of the United States handed down its ruling in the case ofDunn v. Blumstein[12] that found that a citizen who had lived in a state for 30 days was resident in that state and thus eligible to vote there.[13] Kentucky's Constitution required residency of one year in the state, six months in the county and sixty days in the precinct to establish voting eligibility.[14] This issue had to be resolved before the1972 presidential election in November, so Ford called a special legislative session to enact the necessary corrections.[14] In addition, Ford added to the General Assembly's agenda the creation of a state environmental protection agency, arefinement of congressional districts in line with thelatest census figures and ratification of the recently passedEqual Rights Amendment.[15] All of these measures passed.[16]
Despite surgery for a brainaneurysm in June 1972, Ford attended the1972 Democratic National Convention inMiami Beach, Florida.[16] He supportedEdmund Muskie for president, but later greeted nomineeGeorge McGovern when he visited Kentucky.[16] The convention was the beginning of Ford's role in national politics.[2] Offended by the McGovern campaign's treatment of Democratic finance chairmanRobert S. Strauss, he helped Strauss get elected chairman of theDemocratic National Committee following McGovern's defeat.[2] As a result of his involvement in Strauss's election, Ford was elected chair of theDemocratic Governors' Conference from 1973 to 1974.[8] He also served as vice-chair of the Conference's Natural Resources and Environmental Management Committee.[11]
During the 1974 legislative session, Ford proposed a six-year study ofcoal liquefaction andgasification in response to the1973 oil crisis.[5] He also increased funding to human resources and continued his reorganization of the executive branch, creating cabinets for transportation, development, education and the arts, human resources, consumer protection and regulation, safety and justice.[11] He was considered less ruthless than previous governors in firing state officials hired by the previous administration, and expanded the statemerit system to cover some previously exempt state workers.[16] Despite the expansion, he was criticized for the replacements he made, particularly that of the state personnel commissioner appointed during the Nunn administration.[16] Critics also cited the fact that employees found qualified by the merit examination were still required to obtain political clearance before they were hired.[16]
Ford united the state's Democratic Party, allowing them to capture a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1972 for the first time since 1956.[4] The seat was vacated by the retirement of RepublicanJohn Sherman Cooper and won by Ford's campaign manager, Dee Huddleston.[10] Ford's friends then began lobbying him to try and unseat Kentucky's other Republican U.S. Senate member, one-term legislatorMarlow Cook.[2] Ford wanted lieutenant governorJulian Carroll, who had run on an informal slate with Combs in the 1971 primary, to run for Cook's seat, but Carroll already had his eye on the governor's chair.[2] Ford's allies did not have a gubernatorial candidate stronger than Carroll, and when a poll showed that Ford was the only Democrat who could defeat Cook, he agreed to run, announcing his candidacy immediately following the 1974 legislative session.[2]
A primary issue during the election was the construction of a dam on theRed River.[17] Cook opposed the dam, but Ford supported it and allocated some of the state's budget surplus to its construction.[17] In theelection, Ford defeated Cook by a vote of 399,406 to 328,982, completing his revitalization of the state's Democratic party by personally ousting the last Republican from major office.[2] Cook resigned his seat in December so that Ford would have a higher standing in seniority in the Senate.[17] Ford resigned as governor to accept the seat, leaving the governorship to Carroll, who dropped state support for the project, killing it.[4]
In the wake of the rapid ascent of Ford and members of his faction to the state's major political offices, he and Carroll were investigated in a corruption probe.[2] The four-year investigation began in 1977 and focused on a state insurancekickback scheme alleged to have operated during Ford's tenure.[2] In June 1972, Ford had purchased insurance policies for state workers from some of his political backers withoutprocurement.[16] State law did not require competitive bidding, and earlier governors had engaged in similar practices.[16] Investigators believed there was an arrangement in which insurance companies getting government contracts split commissions with party officials, although Ford was suspected of allowing the practice for political benefit rather than personal financial gain.[18] In 1981, prosecutors asked for indictments against Ford and Carroll onracketeering charges, but agrand jury refused.[2] Because grand jury proceedings are secret, what exactly occurred has never been publicly revealed.[2] However, state Republicans maintained that Ford took theFifth Amendment to the United States Constitution while on the stand, invoking his right against self-incrimination.[2] Ford refused to confirm or deny this report.[2] A federal grand jury recommended that Ford be indicted in connection with the insurance scheme, but the U.S. Department of Justice did not act on this recommendation.[19]
Ford entered the Senate in1974 and was reelected in1980,1986, and1992.[3] In the 1980 primary, Ford received only token opposition from attorney Flora Stuart.[20] He was unopposed in the 1986 and 1992 Democratic primaries.[21][22] Republicans failed to put forward a viable challenger during any of Ford's re-election bids. In 1980, he defeated septuagenarian former state auditorMary Louise Foust by 334,862 votes.[23] Ford's 720,891 votes represented 65 percent of the total votes cast in the election, a record for a statewide race in Kentucky.[23] Against Republican Jackson Andrews IV in 1986, Ford shattered that record, securing 74 percent of the votes cast and carrying all 120counties of Kentucky.[23] Kentucky State Senate memberDavid L. Williams fared little better in1992, surrendering 477,002 votes to Ford (63 percent).[24]
Ford seriously considered leaving the Senate and running for governor again in 1983 and 1991, but decided against it both times.[2] In the 1983 contest, he would have faced sitting lieutenant governorMartha Layne Collins in the primary.[2] Collins was a factional ally of Ford's, which influenced his decision.[2] In 1991, Ford cited his seniority in the Senate and desire to becomeDemocratic Whip of the United States Senate as factors in his decision not to run for governor.[25]
Early in his career, Ford supported aconstitutional amendment againstdesegregation busing.[2] He also floated a proposal to put the federal budget on a two-year cycle, believing too much time was spent annually on budget wrangling.[26] This idea, based on the model used in the Kentucky state budget, was never implemented.[26] During the95th United States Congress (1977–1979), he was chairman of theUnited States Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences.[3]
From 1977 to 1983, Ford was a member of theDemocratic Senatorial Campaign Committee.[3] He first sought the post of Democratic whip in 1988, but lost to U.S. Senate memberAlan Cranston fromCalifornia, who had held the post since 1977.[27] Ford got a late start in the race, and aNew York Times writer opined that he overestimated his chances of unseating Cranston.[27] Immediately after conceding his loss, he announced he would be a candidate for the position in the next election in 1990.[27] He again faced Cranston in the election, but Cranston withdrew from the race due to a battle withprostate cancer.[27] Ford maintained that he had enough commitments of support in the Democratic caucus to have won without Cranston's withdrawal.[27] When majority leaderGeorge J. Mitchell retired from the Senate in 1994, Ford showed some interest in the Democratic floor leader post.[2] Ultimately, he decided against it, choosing to focus instead on Kentucky issues.[2] He supported U.S. Senate memberChris Dodd fromConnecticut for majority leader.[2]
During the98th United States Congress (1983–1985), Ford served on the Select Committee to Study the Committee System, and he was a member of theUnited States Committee on Rules and Administration in the100th United States through103rd United States Congress (1987–1995).[3] In 1989, he joined with U.S. Senate memberKit Bond fromMissouri to form the Senate National Guard Caucus, a coalition of senators committed to advancing National Guard capabilities and readiness.[28] Ford said he was motivated to form the caucus after seeing the work done byMississippiUnited States House of Representatives memberSonny Montgomery with theNational Guard Association of the United States and theNational Guard Bureau.[28] Ford co-chaired the caucus with Bond until Ford's retirement from the Senate in 1999.[28] The Kentucky Army Guard dedicated the Wendell H. Ford Training Center inMuhlenberg County, Kentucky in 1998.[29] In 1999, the National Guard Bureau presented Ford with the Sonny Montgomery Award, its highest honor.[30]
U.S. Senate memberThomas Eagleton from Missouri opined that Ford and Dee Huddleston made "probably the best one-two combination for any state in the Senate."[31] Both were defenders oftobacco, Kentucky's primarycash crop.[31] Ford sat on theUnited States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, influencing legislation affecting the manufacturing end of the tobacco industry, while Huddleston sat on theUnited States Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry and protected programs that benefited tobacco farmers.[31] Both were instrumental in salvaging theTobacco Price Support Program.[2][31] Ford got tobacco exempted from theConsumer Product Safety Act and was a consistent opponent of the increases ofcigarette taxes in the United States.[2] He sponsored an amendment to theGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that limited the amount of foreign tobacco that could be imported by the United States.[26]
Later in his career, Ford split with Huddleston's successor,Mitch McConnell, over a proposed settlements of lawsuits against theTobacco Master Settlement Agreement.[2] Ford favored the package as presented to Congress, which would have protected the price support program, while McConnell favored a smaller aid package to tobacco farmers and an end to the price support program.[2] Both proposals were ultimately defeated, and the rift between Ford and McConnell never healed.[2]
As chairman of the Commerce Committee's aviation subcommittee, Ford secured funds to improve the airports inLouisville, Kentucky,Northern Kentucky, andGlasgow, Kentucky.[2][17][26] TheWendell H. Ford Airport in the town ofHazard, Kentucky is named for him. A 1990 bill aimed at reducing aircraft noise contained in theFederal Aviation Act of 1958, improving airline safety measures, and requiring airlines to better inform consumers about their performance was dubbed theWendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century.[2][26]
Of his career in the Senate, Ford said "I wasn't interested in national issues. I was interested in Kentucky issues."[2] Nevertheless, he influenced several important pieces of federal legislation. He sponsored an amendment to theFamily Medical Leave Act of 1993 exempting businesses with fewer than fifty employees.[26] He was a key player in securing passage of theNational Voter Registration Act of 1993.[17] He supported increases to thefederal minimum wage and thePersonal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act.[26] A supporter of research into cleancoal technology, he also worked with U.S. Senate memberJay Rockefeller fromWest Virginia to secure better retirement benefits for coal miners.[26] Never known as a major player on international issues, Ford favored continuedeconomic sanctions againstIraq as an alternative to theGulf War.[26] He voted against thePanama Canal Treaty, which he perceived to be unpopular with Kentucky voters.[17] Despite having chairedBill Clinton'sUnited States Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies in 1993, Ford broke with the administration by voting against theNorth American Free Trade Agreement .[2][32]
As he had as governor of Kentucky, Ford gave attention to improving the efficiency of government. While serving on theUnited States Congressional Joint Committee on Printing during the101st and103rd United States Congresses, he saved the government millions of dollars in printing costs by printing in volume and usingrecycled paper.[3][17][26] In 1998, Republican U.S. Senate memberJohn Warner fromVirginia sponsored the Wendell H. Ford Government Publications Reform Act of 1998; Ford signed on as a co-sponsor.[33] The bill would have eliminated theUnited States Congressional Joint Committee on Printing, distributing its authority and functions among the Senate Rules Committee, theUnited States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, and the administrator of theUnited States Government Printing Office.[33] It would also have centralized government printing services and penalized government agencies who did not make their documents available to the printing office to be printed.[33] Opponents of the bill cited the broad powers granted to the printing office and concerns about the erosion ofcopyright protection.[33] The bill was reported favorably out of committee, but was squeezed from the legislative calendar by issues related to the impendingImpeachment of Bill Clinton.[33] Warner did not return to his chairmanship of the Joint Committee on Printing in the next congress, Ford retired from the Senate, and the bill was not re-introduced.[33]
Ford chose not to seek a fifth term in 1998, and retired to Owensboro.[2] In 1998 he was awardedAmerican Library Association Honorary Membership.[34] He worked for a time as a consultant to Washington lobbying and law firmDickstein Shapiro.[35] At the time of his retirement, Ford was the longest-serving U.S. Senate member in Kentucky history.[36] In January 2009,Mitch McConnell surpassed Ford's mark of 24 years in the Senate.[36]
In August 1978, theU.S. Route 60 bypass around Owensboro was renamed the Wendell H. Ford Expressway.[37] The Western Kentucky Parkway was also renamed theWendell H. Ford Western Kentucky Parkway during the administration of GovernorPaul E. Patton.[38] In 2009, Ford was inducted into the Kentucky Transportation Hall of Fame.[39]
Later in life, Ford taught politics to the youth of Owensboro from the Owensboro Museum of Science and History, which houses a replica of his U.S. Senate office.[40]
On July 19, 2014, theMessenger-Inquirer reported that Ford had been diagnosed withlung cancer.[41] Ford died fromlung cancer at his home on January 22, 2015, at age 90. He was interred atRosehill Elmwood Cemetery.[42][43]
| Non-profit organization positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | President of theUnited States Junior Chamber 1956–1957 | Succeeded by Chuck Shearer |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Democratic nominee forLieutenant Governor of Kentucky 1967 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Democraticnominee forGovernor of Kentucky 1971 | |
| Preceded by | Chair of theDemocratic Governors Association 1973–1974 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Democratic nominee forU.S. Senator fromKentucky (Class 3) 1974,1980,1986,1992 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theDemocratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 1977–1983 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Senate Democratic Whip 1991–1999 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky 1967–1971 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Governor of Kentucky 1971–1974 | |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by | United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky 1974–1999 Served alongside:Walter Dee Huddleston,Mitch McConnell | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theSenate Space Committee 1977 | Position abolished |
| Preceded by | Chair of theSenate Rules Committee 1987–1995 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theJoint Inaugural Committee 1988–1993 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Senate Majority Whip 1991–1995 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Senate Minority Whip 1995–1999 | Succeeded by |
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| Rules (1870–1947) | | |
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| Rules and Administration (1947–present) | ||
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| Other | |
