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Wash (visual arts)

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Background in an artwork of a dilute colour

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Xia Gui (Song dynasty) –*Mountain Market- Clear with Rising Mist*, one of the 8 scenes of theEight Views of Xiaoxiang, a favourite subject in the Chineseink wash painting tradition, showing the variety of effects achievable with black ink.

Rembrandt selectively used a wash technique in his depictions of lions to enhance the contrast between "the heavy manes and supple skin".^[1]

Awash is a term for a visual arts technique resulting in a semi-transparent layer of colour. A wash of dilutedink or watercolor paint applied in combination withdrawing is calledpen and wash,wash drawing, orink and wash.^{[citation needed]} Normally only one or two colours of wash are used; if more colours are used the result is likely to be classified as a fullwatercolor painting.

The classic East Asian tradition ofink wash painting uses black ink in various levels of dilution. Historically associated with thefour arts of thescholar-officials, the technique was often applied tolandscapes in traditionalChinese,Japanese, andKorean painting.

Technique

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Inpainting, it is a technique in which apaint brush that is very wet withsolvent and holds a small load ofpaint or ink is applied to a wet or dry support such aspaper orprimed orraw canvas. The result is a smooth and uniform area that ideally lacks the appearance of brush strokes and is semi-transparent.

A wash is accomplished by using a large amount of solvent with little paint. Paint consists of apigment andbinder which allows the pigment to adhere to its support. Solvents dilute the binder, thus diluting the binding strength of the paint. Washes can be brittle and fragile paint films because of this. However, whengum arabic watercolor washes are applied to a highly absorbent surface, such as paper, the effects are long lasting.

The wash technique can be achieved by doing the following:

With water-based media such asinks,acrylic paints,tempera paints orwatercolor paints, a wet brush should be dipped into a pool of very wet and diluted paint. This paint pool should be evenly mixed and dispersed to prevent uneven pigment load on the brush. The loaded brush should then be applied to a dry or wet support. Washes are most often applied with large brushes over large areas. The areas in which a wash effects can be controlled with careful application of the wash, and with the use of liquidfrisket orrubber cement.
With oil-based media such asoil paint, a similar technique as outlined above may be used, though instead of water the paint pool should be well diluted in solvent, such asturpentine ormineral spirits. The loaded brush should be applied to a dry or solvent soaked support. Because oil paint has a longer drying time than water-based media, brushing over or blending a wash can extend or even out the appearance of the wash. American artistsJackson Pollock,Mark Rothko,Morris Louis,Sam Francis,Paul Jenkins,Helen Frankenthaler,Jules Olitski,Friedel Dzubas,Ronnie Landfield and several others are famous for creating washy, watercolor-like effects in oil and acrylic paintings in distinctive and radical styles and versions of this method, and which is sometimes calledstain painting.

Other media

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In interior design, a wash or color wash of paint on a wall can be used to create a textured effect as afaux finish.^[2]

In ceramics, a wash is typically a coloring oxide thinned with water applied to the piece to achieve an effect similar to a glaze.^[3]

Digital image creation software can have features that simulate the painting technique.^[4]

Within cinematic representation of the technique,Alfred Hitchcock used a wash of red over closeup of actressTippi Hedren inMarnie as anexpressionistic representation of the character's emotional trauma.^[5]^[6]