| Warrenpoint ambush | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofThe Troubles andOperation Banner | |||||||
 A British Army vehicle destroyed in the ambush. The hills of theCooley Peninsula inCounty Louth can be seen in the background, behindNarrow Water Castle. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United Kingdom |  Provisional IRA | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Brendan Burns | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
 British Army | South Armagh Brigade[6] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 50 soldiers[citation needed] | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| None | |||||||
| Civilian: 1 killed, 1 wounded by British Army gunfire | |||||||
  Location within Northern Ireland | |||||||
TheWarrenpoint ambush,[9] also known as theNarrow Water ambush,[10] theWarrenpoint massacre[11] or theNarrow Water massacre,[12] was aguerrilla attack[13] by theProvisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA) on 27 August 1979. The Provisional IRA'sSouth Armagh Brigade ambushed aBritish Army convoy with two largeroadside bombs atNarrow Water Castle outsideWarrenpoint,Northern Ireland. The first bomb was aimed at the convoy itself, and the second targeted the incoming reinforcements and the command point set up to deal with the incident. Provisional IRAvolunteers hidden in nearby woodland also allegedly fired on the troops, who returned fire. The castle is on the banks of theNewry River, which marksthe border between Northern Ireland and theRepublic of Ireland.
Eighteen British soldiers were killed and over twenty were seriously injured, making it the deadliest attack on the British Army duringthe Troubles.[7] A British civilian was also killed and an Irish civilian wounded, both by British soldiers firing across the border after the first blast. The attack happened on the same day that the Provisional IRAassassinated Lord Louis Mountbatten, a retired British statesman and close relative of theBritish royal family.
The ambush took place on theA2 road atNarrow Water Castle, just outsideWarrenpoint, in the south ofCounty Down inNorthern Ireland. The road and castle are on the northern bank of theNewry River (also known as the Clanrye River), which marksthe border between Northern Ireland and theRepublic of Ireland. The Republic's side of the river, theCooley Peninsula inCounty Louth, was an ideal spot from which to launch an ambush: it was thickly wooded, which gave cover to the ambushers, and the river border prevented British forces giving chase.[14]
On the afternoon of 27 August, a British Army convoy of oneLand Rover and two four-tonne vehicles—carrying soldiers of the2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment—was driving fromBallykinler Barracks toNewry.[15][16] The British Army were aware of the dangers of using the stretch of road along the Newry River and often declared it out of bounds. However, they would sometimes use it to avoid setting a pattern.[14] At 16:40, as the convoy was driving pastNarrow Water Castle, an 800-pound (360 kg)fertiliser bomb, hidden amongstrawbales on a parkedflatbed trailer, wasdetonated by remote control by Provisional IRA members watching from across the border in County Louth.[16] The explosion caught the last lorry in the convoy, hurling it on its side and instantly killing six paratroopers, whose bodies were scattered across the road.[17] There were only two survivors amongst the soldiers travelling in the vehicle; they both received serious injuries. The lorry's driver, Anthony Wood, was one of those killed. All that remained of Wood's body was hispelvis, welded to the seat by the fierce heat of the blast.[14]
According to the soldiers, immediately after the blast they were targeted by rifle fire from the woods on the Cooley Peninsula on the other side of the border,[18][15] and this view was supported by two part-time firefighters assisting the wounded, who were "sure they had been fired on from theOmeath side of the water".[19] Shortly afterwards, two Provisional IRA members were arrested by theGarda Síochána (the Republic of Ireland's police force) and suspected of being behind the ambush, were found to have traces of gunsmoke residue on their hands and on the motorbike they were riding.[20] The Provisional IRA's first statement on the incident, however, denied that any shots had been fired at the troops,[21] and according toRoyal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) researchers, the soldiers might have mistaken the sound of ammunitioncooking off for enemy gunfire.[22] Nevertheless, at the official inquiry the soldiers declared, on oath, that they had been fired on.[23]
The surviving paratroopers radioed for urgent assistance, and reinforcements were dispatched to the scene by road.[16] Arapid reaction unit was sent byGazelle helicopter, consisting ofLieutenant-Colonel David Blair, commanding officer of theQueen's Own Highlanders, his signaller Lance Corporal Victor MacLeod, and several army medics. Another helicopter, aWestland Wessex, landed to pick up the wounded. Colonel Blair assumed command upon arriving at the site.[24]
William Hudson, a 29-year-old from London, was killed by the British Army and his cousin Barry Hudson, a 25-year-old native ofDingle, was wounded when shots were fired across the Newry River into the Republic of Ireland about 3 km from the village ofOmeath, County Louth.[15]
The pair were partners in 'Hudson Amusements' and had been operating their amusements in Omeath for the duration of the Omeath Gala. When the first explosion was heard across the Lough, the pair went down to the shore to see what was unfolding. The pair made their way to Narrow Water on the southern side of the border to get a better view of what was happening on the northern side. Barry Hudson was shot in the arm and as he fell to the ground he saw his cousin, who was the son of a coachman atBuckingham Palace, fall to the ground, shot in the head. He died almost immediately.[25]
The IRA had been studying how the British Army behaved after a bombing and correctly predicted that they would set up an incident command point at the stone gateway on the other side of the road. At 17:12, thirty-two minutes after the first explosion, another 800-pound (360 kg) bomb hidden in milk pails exploded at the gateway, destroying it and hurling lumps of granite through the air. It detonated as the Wessex helicopter was taking off carrying wounded soldiers. The helicopter was damaged by the blast but did not crash.[15]
The second explosion killed twelve soldiers: ten from the Parachute Regiment and two from the Queen's Own Highlanders.[26] Lt. Colonel Blair was the second lieutenant colonel to be killed in the Troubles up until then, followingLt. Colonel Corden-Lloyd of the 2nd Battalion Royal Green Jackets in 1978.[16] Only one of Colonel Blair'sepaulettes remained to identify him as his body had been destroyed in the blast. The epaulette was taken from the scene byBrigadierDavid Thorne to a security briefing with prime ministerMargaret Thatcher to "illustrate the human factor" of the attack.[27]Mike Jackson, then a major in the Parachute Regiment, was at the scene soon after the second explosion and later described seeing human remains scattered over the road, in the water and hanging from the trees. He was asked to identify the face of his friend,Major Peter Fursman, still recognisable after it had been ripped from his head by the explosion and recovered from the water by divers from theRoyal Engineers.[14]
Press photographer Peter Molloy, who arrived at the scene after the first explosion, came close to being shot by an angry paratrooper who saw him taking photographs of the dead and dying instead of offering to help the wounded. The soldier was tackled by his comrades. Molloy said, "I was shouted at and called all sorts of things but I understood why. I had trespassed on the worst day of these fellas' lives and taken pictures of it."[28]
The Warrenpoint ambush was the deadliest attack on the British Army during the Troubles and the Parachute Regiment's biggest loss since World War II, with sixteen paratroopers killed.[15]GeneralSir James Glover, Commander of British forces in Northern Ireland, later said it was "arguably the most successful and certainly one of the best planned IRA attacks of the whole campaign".[15][29] The ambush happened on the same day thatLord Mountbatten, a prominent relative and close confidant of theBritish royal family,was assassinated by an IRA bomb aboard his boat atMullaghmore, along with three others.
Republicans portrayed the attack as retaliation forBloody Sunday in 1972 when the Parachute Regiment shot dead 13 unarmed civilians during a protest march inDerry. Graffiti appeared in republican areas declaring "13 gone and not forgotten, we got 18 and Mountbatten".[30] The day after the Mountbatten and Warrenpoint attacks, theUlster Volunteer Force retaliated by shooting dead John Patrick Hardy (43), a Catholic civilian, at his home in Belfast'sNew Lodge estate. Hardy was allegedly targeted due to the mistaken belief that he was an IRA member.[31]
Very shortly after the ambush, Provisional IRA volunteers Brendan Burns and Joe Brennan were arrested by theGardaí. They were stopped while riding a motorbike on a road opposite Narrow Water Castle. They were later released on bail due to lack of evidence.[32] Burns died in 1988 when a bomb he was handling exploded prematurely.[33] In 1998, former Provisional IRA memberEamon Collins claimed that Burns had been one of those who carried out the Warrenpoint ambush.[15] No one has ever been criminally charged.[34]
According toToby Harnden, the attack "drove a wedge" between the British Army and the RUC.Lieutenant-GeneralSir Timothy Creasey,General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland, suggested to Margaret Thatcher thatinternment should be brought back and that liaison with the Gardaí should be left in the hands of the military.[35]Sir Kenneth Newman, the RUC Chief Constable, claimed instead that the British Army practice, since 1975, of supplying their garrisons in SouthCounty Armagh by helicopter gave too much freedom of movement to the Provisional IRA.[36] One result was the appointment ofSir Maurice Oldfield to a new position of Coordinator of Security Intelligence in Northern Ireland. His role was to coordinate intelligence between the military,MI5 and the RUC. Another was the expansion of the RUC by 1,000 members.[37]Tim Pat Coogan asserts that the deaths of the 18 soldiers hastened the move towardsUlsterisation.[38]
| Rank | Age | Name | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lieutenant-Colonel | 40 | David Blair | The Queen’s Own Highlanders |
| Major | 35 | Peter Fursman | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Lance Corporal | 24 | Victor MacLeod | The Queen’s Own Highlanders |
| Lance Corporal | 25 | Christopher G. Ireland | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Sergeant | 31 | Ian A. Rogers | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Sergeant | 33 | Walter Beard | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 18 | Jeffrey Jones | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 18 | Gary I. Barnes | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 19 | Anthony Wood | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 22 | John Giles | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 26 | Leonard Jones | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 18 | Robert Jones | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 23 | Donald Blair | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 24 | Nicholas Andrew | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 20 | Raymond Dunn | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 18 | Michael Woods | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 23 | Thomas Vance | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
| Private | 23 | Robert England | 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment |
Lieutenant-Colonel Blair is remembered on a memorial atRadley College,Oxfordshire.[42]
...the assassination of Lord Mountbatten at his holiday home at southern Ireland on 27 March 1979, the same day that another IRA unit ambushed and blew up eighteen British soldiers at Warrenpoint in a more conventional guerrilla operation.
From the time of the Ulsterisation, normalisation and criminalisation policy formulations in the mid-seventies it had become obvious that, if the conflict was to be Vietnamised and the natives were to do the fighting, then the much-talked-about 'primacy of the police' would have to become a reality. The policy was officially instituted in 1976. But if one had to point to a watershed date as a result of which the police actually wrested real power from the army I would select 27 August 1979.
