| Warembori | |
|---|---|
| Waremboivoro | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈwaɾɛmboiβoɾo] |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Warembori village, Mamberamo Hilir District,Mamberamo Raya Regency,Papua |
Native speakers | (600 cited 1998)[1] |
Lower Mamberamo
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wsa |
| Glottolog | ware1253 |
| ELP | Warembori |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Warembori (native nameWaremboivoro) is amoribund language spoken by about 600 people in Warembori village, Mamberamo Hilir District,Mamberamo Raya Regency, located around river mouths (including the mouth of theWarembari River) on the north coast ofPapua,Indonesia.
Classification is in dispute.Mark Donohue thinks it is related toYoke, forming together the Lower Mamberamo family. On a 200 word list, they share 33%. Also there are some grammar similarities. According to Donohue, Warembori is heavily influenced by Austronesian languages to the west, in both vocabulary and grammar, Yoke is less influenced by them. More recent researchers (Dunn & Reesink, Foley, Kamholz) have classified Warembori and Yoke as papuanised Austronesian languages.[2] Malcolm Ross leaves Yoke unclassified due to lack of data, apparently referring to the fact that Donohue did not publish independent pronouns in Yoke. He did publish subject prefixes on verbs, which are very similar to Warembori, and the singular prefixes are also remarkably similar to two Kwerba family languages, namely Kauwera and Airoran, suggesting either borrowing or a distant relationship to Kwerba, though the Kwerba family shares almost no vocabulary with the Lower Mamberamo family. The Lower Mamberamo plural prefixes are similar to Austronesian, as are the plural object suffixes and, at least in Warembori, plural independent pronouns.
Kamholz (2024) classifies Warembori and Yoke as Austronesian, more specifically primary branches ofSouth Halmahera–West New Guinea.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Low | a | |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Voiceless | p | t | k | |
| Voiced | b | d | |||
| “Heavy” | ˀb | ˀd | |||
| Nasal | Voiced | m | n | ||
| “Heavy” | ˀm | ˀn | |||
| Fricative | (β) | s | |||
| Rhotic | (r) | ||||
| Semivowel | w | j | |||
The sequence/nk/ is realized as[ŋɡ].
The light voiced stops/bd/lenite to[βr] between vowels within a word. The heavy stops do not lenite.
When a nasal is followed by a heavy plosive, it is lengthened, i.e./mˀb/[mːb]/nˀd/[nːd]. When not followed by a stop, heavy nasals are long and preceded by aglottal closure, i.e./ˀm/[ʔmː]/ˀn/[ʔnː]. Heavy consonants also attract stress.
Someminimal pairs of heavy consonants are:[3]: 502
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The independent pronouns are:
| sg. | du. | pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Incl. | iwi | amui | ami |
| Excl. | kui | ki | |
| 2 | awi | mui | mi |
| 3 | yi | tui | ti |
The dual pronouns are derived from the plural via theinfix⟨u⟩. This parallels the nearby AustronesianCenderawasih languages, which derive the dual from the plural withdu orru, from*duSa 'two'. The plural pronounsami,ki,mi,ti, in turn, appear to be Austronesian in origin, from*kami,*kita,*kamiu,*sida (the latter via*tira). Although 3sgyi might also derive from Austronesian*ia, 1sgiwi and 2scawi, the most basic pronouns, have no parallel in Austronesian. However, the basic pronounsiwi,awi,yi,ki,mi,ti resemble Yokeeβu,aβu,iβu,kiβu,miβu,siβu, illustrating the strong Austronesian influence on both languages.
Possessive prefixes on nouns are nearly identical to subject prefixes on verbs. The object suffixes are also similar; the paradigm is very close to that of Yoke, apart from an inclusive-exclusive distinction which is not completely grammaticalized in the case of possessives.
| Possessive | Subject | Object | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | e- | i-, e-, ja- | -ewi, -e(o) |
| 2sg | a- | u-, wa-, a- | -awi, -a(o) |
| 3sg | i-, ∅- | i-, ja- ∅- | -i, -i(o) |
| 1ex | ami | ami-, ama-, ame- | -mo, -m(o) |
| 1in | ki-, ke- | ki-, ka-, ke- | -ki, -k(o) |
| 2pl | mi-, me- | mi-, ma-, me- | -mi, -m(o) |
| 3pl | ti-, te- | ti-, ta-, te- | -ti, -t(o) |
The singular prefixes of Warembori and Yoke are nearly identical to the 1sge-, 2sga-, 3sgi- of theKwerba languages Kauwera and Airoran. However, Kwerba has no more basic vocabulary in common with the Lower Mamberamo family than what is expected by chance.
Warembori is written in aLatin alphabet based on theIndonesian. It representsphonetic, rather thanphonemic, distinctions. In particular:
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