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TheRebellion of the Remences orWar of the Remences was apopular revolt in late medieval Europe against seignorial pressures that began in thePrincipality of Catalonia in 1462 and ended a decade later without definitive result.Ferdinand II of Aragon finally resolved the conflict with theSentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486.^[1]

The Catalan termremença derives from theLatinredementia and emphasizes the possibility of redemption fromservitude.^[2]

In the early 14th century, the rise of Catalan cities and the expansion of Catalan culture and theAragonese Empire led to a decline in the rural population, which declined still further due to theBlack Death. Thenobility began to strictly enforce theevil customs tyingpeasants to the land; they also began a much stricter enforcement of seignorial rights in general than had been the practice in recent centuries.

The strongest support for open rebellion came from the poorest peasants. Those with more goods—who were in the majority on thePlain of Vic, l'Empordà, and elVallès—tried to appeal to the king for reforms and the end of theseignorial abuses. The monarchy had some reasons to wish to have the peasants as an independent force, since the Aragonese crown was continually in a power struggle with the nobility.

In the mid-15th century,Alfonso V of Aragon, "the Magnanimous", allowed the peasants to form asindicat remença, a peasants'guild or primitivetrade union, granted them their liberty and intervened in several other ways against the abuses. However, theBishop of Girona sided with the nobility; along with theGeneralitat, controlled by the nobles, their opposition led Alfonso to reverse himself.

Alfonso's successor,John II, sought the peasants' help against the nobility. By May 1461, the peasantry had declared themselves in favor of the king against the nobles.

In 1462, theremensa peasants rebelled; this coincided with theWar against John II by the nobles. The peasants, under the leadership ofFrancesc de Verntallat, fought mainly in the mountainous interior, while the king and the more traditional armed forces loyal to him fought nearer theMediterranean coast. After ten years, John won the war, but failed to abolish serfdom or even to bring about significant reforms.

In 1484, a second rebellion broke out, under the leadership ofPere Joan Sala, the former captain ofFrancesc de Verntallat. It began with theMieres Uprising, which took place in the Valley of Mieres on September 22, 1484.^[3]

Following that, Joan Sala was able to extend his power not only in the Muntanya Comarca, but also in thePlain of Vic,Selva,Garrotxa, andGironès. He wasn't as successful inEmpordà, where the peasants didn't follow him into revolt, nor on December 14 when he tried to take Girona. However, LieutenantInfante Enric, who wanted to organize an attack against Joan Sala, had to retreat in the face of the size of his amassed forces.^[3]

In the face of this rebellion, KingFerdinand II, "the Catholic" issued theSentencia de Guadalupe (1486), outlawing the more severe abuses and allowing remensa peasants to be redeemed by a payment of 60sous per household, leaving a rural society that was stillfeudal in character, but significantly reformed.^[4]

• History of Catalonia
• Catalan Civil War
• Spain in the Middle Ages

• Alcalá, César (2010).Les Guerres Remences. Barcelona: Editorial UOC.ISBN 978-84-9788-926-1.

• "La qüestió remença"Archived November 13, 2004, at theWayback Machine(in Catalan)

• Conflicts in 1462
• Conflicts in 1484
• 15th-century rebellions
• Principality of Catalonia
• Crown of Aragon
• Military history of Catalonia
• Civil wars in former countries
• Civil wars of the Middle Ages
• Revolution-based civil wars
• Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
• Medieval Catalonia
• 15th century in Catalonia
• Medieval history of Spain
• Civil wars in Spain

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