Walter Heitz | |
|---|---|
 Heitz in 1936 | |
| President of theReichskriegsgericht | |
| In office 1 August 1936 – 12 September 1939 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Max Bastian |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1878-12-08)8 December 1878 Berlin,German Empire |
| Died | 9 February 1944(1944-02-09) (aged 65) Moscow,Russian SFSR,Soviet Union |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  German Empire (1898-1918) Weimar Republic (1918-1933) Nazi Germany (1933-1944) |
| Branch/service |  German Army |
| Years of service | 1898–1944 |
| Rank | Generaloberst |
| Commands | Danzig-West Prussia Garrison VIII Corps |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves |
Walter Heitz (8 December 1878 – 9 February 1944) was a German general (Generaloberst) in theWehrmacht duringWorld War II. He served as President of theReich Military Court and commanded part of the6th Army in theBattle of Stalingrad.
A decorated World War I officer and supporter ofNazism, Heitz advanced rapidly under the Third Reich. In 1936, he became the president of the Reich Military Court. At the age of 60, Heitz took command of theVIII Army Corps and participated in theInvasion of Poland, theBattle of France andOperation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Heitz continued to command the VIII Army Corps as part of the6th Army in theBattle of Stalingrad. The 6th Army was encircled within the city afterOperation Uranus, the Soviet counter-offensive in Stalingrad, and eventually destroyed. Heitz surrendered the central pocket of German forces in Stalingrad on 31 January 1943 and died as a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union.
Born in Berlin on December 8, 1878, Heitz joined thePrussian army on August 18, 1899. Commissioned as a second lieutenant, he became battalion adjutant in 1909 and was promoted to captain in 1913. At the outbreak of World War I, he was regimental adjutant of the 36th (2nd West Prussian) Field Artillery Regiment “Hochmeister”. He remained with his regiment during World War I, where he became a battery commander and battalion commander, and fought inEast Prussia (1914), on theRussian Front (1914–1915), and on theWestern Front from the fall of 1915 until the end of the war.[1] During the war, he was awarded the Wehrmacht long service awardHouse Order of Hohenzollern with swords.[2]
Selected for the reducedReichswehr, he served on the staff of the Artillery School at Jueterbog (1919–1922) and in the Artillery Inspectorate in the Defense Ministry (1922–1927). He then commanded the 4th (Saxon) Artillery Regiment at Dresden (1927–1929), the Troop Maneuver Area at Jueterbog (1929–1930), and the Artillery School itself (1930–1931). Heitz eventually became the commander of Fortress Koenigsberg in late 1931 and achieved the rank of Colonel.[1]
Described by historianSamuel W. Mitcham as a "harsh, right-wing career officer",[1] Heitz was a staunch supporter ofNazism andHitler.[3] This played a partial role in his appointment as the President of theReichskriegsgericht (Reich Military Court) on 1 August 1936, Nazi Germany's highest military court. On 1 April 1937 Heitz was promoted toGeneral of the Artillery(General der Artillerie).[4]
On 17 August 1938, during Heitz's appointment as president of theReichskriegsgericht,Wehrkraftzersetzung (undermining military force) was established as asedition offence inGerman military law, which criminalized all criticism, dissent and behavior opposed to Nazi political and military leadership, particularly within the Wehrmacht's military justice. TheWehrkraftzersetzung consolidated and redefined paragraphs already in the military penal code to punish "seditious" acts such asconscientious objection,defeatist statements,self-mutilation, and questioning theEndsieg. Convictions were punishable by thedeath penalty, heavy sentences inmilitary prisons,concentration camps, and forcedmobilization in combat orpenal units.[5] In 1939, a second decree was issued extending the law to civilians.[5]
At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, Heitz was already 60 years old and would have gone into retirement. Nevertheless, he requested to be sent into the frontlines. On September 14, 1939, during theinvasion of Poland Heitz was appointed as the commander of the armed forces inDanzig-West Prussia, partially because of his hatred for thePoles.[1][4] On September 10, 1939, he wrote enthusiastically that he would “rule the area with a mailed fist” and that the combat troops under his command were "over inclined towards a false sense ofchivalry."[1] However, his command in Danzig-West Prussia only lasted four weeks.
On October 25, 1939, Heitz was appointed as the commanding general of the VIII Army Corps despite his advanced age. He led the Corps in theInvasion of France and on 4 September 1940 he was awarded theKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross for personally scouting for river crossings and leading his troops across theOise river under enemy fire.[6]
Heitz continued to command the VIII Army Corps during the German invasion of the Soviet UnionOperation Barbarossa. The Corps was sent into central Russia, and took part in theBattle of Białystok–Minsk and theFirst Battle of Smolensk. After an interlude in the fall of 1941 when the VIII Corps was sent intoParis for occupation duty, the Corps was sent back to the Eastern Front.[1] In the summer of 1942, the Corps was sent towards Southern Russia to participate in the main German strategic summer offensive of the year,Case Blue. In the offensive,Army Group B which included Heitz's Corps was to attack towards theVolga river and Stalingrad.
In August 1942, the VIII Army Corps was sent along with the rest of the 6th Army, commanded byGeneral der PanzertruppeFriedrich Paulus intoStalingrad. The Germans managed to capture 90% of the ruined city, splitting the remaining Soviet forces in the city into two narrow pockets. On 19 November the Soviet forces launchedOperation Uranus, a massive counteroffensive that involved over 1 million Soviet military personnel, aimed against Hungarian and Romanian units defending the 6th Army's flanks. The outnumbered and under-equippedRomanian 3rd Army at the northern flank and Romanian4th Army Corps at the southern flank were overrun and by 23 November, the VIII Army Corps along with the rest of the German 6th Army was encircled and threatened with destruction.
As the situation worsened for the Germans in Stalingrad, he ordered defeatists and every man who attempted surrender to be shot[7] and coined the slogan: "We fight to the last bullet but one!"[8] Meanwhile, other generals such asGeneral der ArtillerieWalther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach, had already given their regimental and battalion commanders permission to act and surrender independently according to local conditions.[9] When Seydlitz released his divisional commanders on 25 January to decide for themselves whether or not to surrender, Paulus relieved him of his command and placed all of Seydlitz's divisions under Heitz. A few days later when Seydlitz and over a dozen other officers fled the German lines to surrender, bursts of machine-gun fire were aimed at them from German lines, Seydlitz later claimed that 2 German officers were mortally wounded because of Heitz's 'apocalyptic order'.[10] On 29 January 1943, Heitz ordered that "Whoever surrenders, will be shot! Whoever displays the white flag, will be shot! Whoever does not immediately deliver bread or sausages dropped by our pilots, will be shot!"[7] As late as the 31 of January, German soldiers who attempted surrender were shot in the back on the basis of Heitz's orders.[7]
On 26 January 1943, the German forces inside Stalingrad were split into two pockets north and south ofMamayev Kurgan. The northern pocket consisted of the XI Corps, and the VIII Corps, under Heitz. On 28 January, the two pockets were split into three. The northern pocket consisted of the XI Corps, the central with the VIII and LI Corps, and the southern with the XIV Panzer Corps and IV Corps "without units". The sick and wounded reached 40,000 to 50,000. On 29 January, Heitz had stated that he would seek the death of a soldier while defending his command post.[7] He later attempted suicide but was stopped by his chief of staff. On 31 January 1943, Heitz surrendered the central pocket of German forces.[11]
At the time of his surrender, Heitz was the second-highest ranking German officer taken prisoner by the Allies, behind Paulus. In prison, he vehemently refused to cooperate with theanti-fascistNational Committee for a Free Germany that operated out of theSoviet Union, despite being pressured by the Soviets, who beat him and threatened his family.[7] He died on 9 February 1944 while in Soviet captivity.
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by General der InfanterieErnst Busch | Commander ofVIII. Armeekorps 25 October 1939 – 31 January 1943 | Succeeded by General der InfanterieGustav Höhne |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
