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Walkway Over the Hudson | |
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| Coordinates | 41°42′40″N73°56′38″W / 41.711°N 73.944°W /41.711; -73.944 |
| Carries | Railroad (1889–1974) Hudson Valley Rail Trail (2009–present) |
| Crosses | Hudson River |
| Locale | Poughkeepsie, New York, toHighland, New York |
| Website | walkway |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Cantilever decktruss bridge |
| Total length | 6,768 feet (2,063 m) |
| Width | 35 feet (11 m)[1] |
| Height | 212 feet (65 m) |
| Longest span | 2 × 548 feet (167 m) |
| No. of spans | 7 |
| Clearance above | Unlimited |
| Clearance below | 160 feet (49 m) |
| History | |
| Constructed by | Manhattan Bridge Building Company |
| Construction start | 1886 |
| Construction end | 1889 |
| Opened | January 1, 1889 (railroad) October 3, 2009 (walkway) |
Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge | |
| Location | Poughkeepsie, New York |
| Coordinates | 41°42′38″N73°56′40″W / 41.71056°N 73.94444°W /41.71056; -73.94444 |
| Built | 1886–1888 |
| Architect | John F. O'Rourke; Union Bridge Co. |
| NRHP reference No. | 79001577 |
| Added to NRHP | February 23, 1979 (original) May 20, 2008 (additional documentation)[2][3][4] |
| Location | |
 Interactive map of Walkway Over the Hudson | |
TheWalkway over the Hudson (also known as thePoughkeepsie Bridge,Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge,Poughkeepsie–Highland Railroad Bridge, andHigh Bridge) is asteelcantilever bridge spanning theHudson River betweenPoughkeepsie, New York, on the east bank andHighland, New York, on the west bank. Built as adouble trackrailroad bridge, it was completed on January 1, 1889, and formed part of theMaybrook Line of theNew York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.
The bridge was removed from service on May 8, 1974 after damage from a tie fire. It was listed on theNational Register of Historic Places in 1979, and its entry updated in 2008.[2][3] The bridge was designated as aNational Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers in 2009.[5]
It reopened on October 3, 2009, as a pedestrian walkway, and part of the newWalkway Over the Hudson State Historic Park. TheNew York State Bridge Authority owns and is charged with maintaining the bridge structure (as directed by the Governor and Legislature in July 2010). The park is operated by theNew York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.[6] In 2017, the walkway hosted 593,868 visitors.[7] Connecting theHudson Valley Rail Trail in Highland to theDutchess Rail Trail, the span forms part of theEmpire State Trail.[8]
At a length of 6,768 feet (2,063 m), it was the world's longest pedestrianfootbridge from its opening[9][10][11] until October 2016, when it became the second-longest after being surpassed by the 7,974-foot (2,430 m)Mile Into the Wild Walkway inKeenesburg,Colorado,United States.[12][13] The Walkway over the Hudson now refers to itself as the world's longest elevated pedestrian bridge as it has a much higher elevation above its base than the Mile Into The Wild.[14] The Walkway over the Hudson allows bicycles and the Mile Into The Wild does not. Also, the Walkway over the Hudson does not have an admission fee.
In 1868, no bridge spanned the Hudson south of theTroy–Waterford Bridge. That year, an engineer proposed a railroad bridge across the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie, in a letter published in thePoughkeepsie Eagle newspaper. The proposal seemed so absurd that theEagle ridiculed it, and it was effectively forgotten for a few years.[15][16]
Over the years, many plans had been made for afixed span across theHudson River south ofAlbany to replace numerouscar float and ferry operations. One of the most persistent was originally chartered in 1868 as the Hudson Highland Suspension Bridge Company, whose proposed bridge would have crossed fromAnthony's Nose toFort Clinton, now roughly the site of theBear Mountain Bridge. It was never built.
TheState of New York chartered the Poughkeepsie Bridge Company in 1872 with the support ofHarvey G. Eastman, Mayor of Poughkeepsie and a member of theNew York State Assembly. Eastman had metAndrew Carnegie, principal owner of theKeystone Bridge Company of Pittsburgh and previously a manager at thePennsylvania Railroad (PRR).J. Edgar Thomson, President of the PRR, was persuaded to provide financial support, and Keystone became the contractor for the initial attempt to build a bridge at Poughkeepsie. Keystone prepared a four pier bridge design, but thePanic of 1873 killed financial support for project.[17]: 51–57
In 1875 Eastman and his colleagues made a second attempt at a bridge project, developing an agreement with the American Bridge Company of Chicago (founded 1870). American Bridge developed a plan and confronted the challenge of building the support piers in deep water. Pier construction began in 1876, but the contractors encountered the failure of a pier foundation and related construction difficulties in 1877. By early 1878 the company was bankrupt, and Eastman died later that year. It took several more years to find new investors for the project.[17]: 58–60
In 1886, the Manhattan Bridge Building Company was organized to finance the construction. Among the prominent backers wasHenry Clay Frick, the coal tycoon and associate of Carnegie. TheUnion Bridge Company ofAthens, Pennsylvania, which had completed theMichigan Central cantilever bridge at Niagara (seeNiagara Cantilever Bridge), was subcontracted to build the Poughkeepsie Bridge. Dawson, Symmes and Usher were the foundation engineers, while John F. O'Rourke, P. P. Dickinson and Arthur B. Paine were the structural engineers. The bridge was designed byCharles Macdonald and Arthur B. Paine. As is typical for cantilever bridges, construction was carried out by constructing cribwork, masonry piers, towers, fixed truss sections on falsework, and finally cantilever sections, with the final cantilever interconnection (suspended) spans floated out or raised withfalsework. The first train crossed the bridge on December 29, 1888, and it was formally opened for scheduled passenger service on January 1, 1889.
Considered an engineering marvel of the day, the bridge has seven main spans. The total length is 6,768 feet (2,063 m), including approaches, and the top of the deck is 212 feet (65 m) above water. It is a multispan cantilever truss bridge, having two river-crossing cantilever spans of 548 feet (167 m) each, one center span of 546 feet (166 m), two anchor (connecting) spans of 525 feet (160 m), two shore spans of 201 feet (61 m) each, a 2,641 feet (805 m) approach viaduct on the eastern bank and a 1,033 feet (315 m) approach viaduct on the western bank. All seven spans were built of newly availableBessemer process "mild" (between 0.16% and 0.29% carbon) steel, while the two approach viaducts were built of iron. It formed part of the most direct rail route between the industrial northeastern states and the midwestern and western states.[18]
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The bridge was the only fixedHudson River crossing between Troy andNew York City until the construction of theBear Mountain (road) Bridge in 1924, and was advertised as a way to avoid New York City car floats and railroad passenger ferries. Ownership of the bridge passed through several railroads including theCentral New England Railway (CNE),New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad (NH),Penn Central (PC) andConrail.[19]
A strengthening of the bridge was completed in 1907[20] to handle heavier freight trains byengineerRalph Modjeski, of the famed bridge civil engineering firm Modjeski and Masters, who added a third line of trusses down the middle, a central girder, and interleaved columns.[21][22] In 1917–18, the double tracks on the bridge were converted togauntlet track operation to center the weight of heavier New Haven Railroad2-10-2 steam locomotives. Even so, trains were restricted to 12 miles per hour.[23] In 1959, the gauntlet tracks were replaced by a centered single track.[19]
DuringWorld War II, the bridge was a vital link for war freight traffic, guarded around the clock byUnited States Army soldiers. At its peak, nearly 3,500 train cars crossed over the Hudson on a daily basis.[16][19]
Traffic across the bridge began a slow decline in the 1950s as industry shrank in New England and with it the need for the raw materials railroads excelled at transporting. Traffic from the connectingNew York, Ontario & Western ceased when that railroad shut down on March 30, 1957. Another connection, the coal-, slate-, and cement-haulingLehigh and New England Railroad, shut down in 1961. At the same time, some new traffic began crossing the bridge, such as theNew Haven's "Super Jet", one of the first trains to carry truck trailers. ThePenn Central's acquisition of theNew Haven in 1969 discouraged connecting traffic with theErie Lackawanna, which competed with other Penn Central routes. After 1971, only one through train in each direction, forErie Lackawanna, crossed the bridge.[24]
While the Penn Central did not connect with the old New Haven on the west side of the bridge, it came close. For a short time in 1969 and 1970, Penn Central ran a daily train betweenCedar Hill Yard inNew Haven, Connecticut, andPotomac Yard inAlexandria, Virginia, by way of theLehigh and Hudson River Railway, which connected with thePenn CentralBelvidere Division inBelvidere, New Jersey, 72 miles south of the old interchange with the New Haven atMaybrook Yard inMaybrook, New York. The service ended in a dispute over haulage charges and the traffic was diverted to the longer all-Penn Central route throughSelkirk, New York. Ironically, the only reason theLehigh and Hudson River was not part of the Penn Central was because a Penn Central predecessor, thePennsylvania Railroad, had prevented the New Haven from acquiring it in 1905.[24] TheLehigh and Hudson River and Erie Lackawanna were finally joined with the Penn Central when all were taken over byConrail in 1976.
On May 8, 1974, atie fire damaged about 700 feet (210 m) of decking and underlying girders on the bridge's eastern section.[25] It was likely started by a spark from an eastbound Penn Central freight train that had just crossed the span.[26] The Penn Central had neglected the bridge's fire-protection system, which had no water on the day of the fire, and had laid off employees who kept watch for such fires.[15] A photograph of the last train, a run-through from theErie Lackawanna, was included in a 40th anniversary web feature by thePoughkeepsie Journal.[27]
In August 1974, the Penn Central applied for $1.75 million to repair and improve the bridge from the federal government through theRegional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973.[28] By 1975, efforts had shifted to acquiring a combination of state and railroad funding. In November 1975, a formal agreement between the New York State Department of Transportation and the trustees of the Penn Central was approved, allowing the $359,000 insurance payout for the bridge to be spent on repairs, with the state paying the rest. In December, U.S. RepresentativeBenjamin A. Gilman announced that $486,000 appropriated by the state legislature for repairs was undergoing final review by the state.[29] Authorization for the state to spend its share on bridge repairs had still not been given when, on April 1, 1976, ownership of the bridge changed with the inception of Conrail.[30] Having been forced to include the route over the bridge (theMaybrook Line)
In its new system at the behest ofConnecticut SenatorAbraham Ribicoff,Conrail announced that it would not promise to repair and use the bridge despite a Connecticut foundation's offer to pay half the repair cost if the bridge were used again. The railroad further said that other work required to make the entire Maybrook route usable would raise the reactivation cost to $45.8 million.[31][32]
Seven years passed; pieces of the bridge's eastern approach viaduct over Poughkeepsie began falling onto U.S. Route 9 below, damaging passing vehicles. In response, the city sued Conrail and forced it to spend $300,000 in 1983 to remove the decking over the superstructure. Conrail then sought to dispose of the unused bridge and eventually abandoned and tore up the Maybrook Line betweenHopewell Junction andMaybrook, New York, in 1983–1984.[32]
Conrail made initial plans to sell the bridge to bridge enthusiast and lawyer Donald L. Pevsner, by an option granted to him on February 1, 1984.[33][34] Conrail andCentral Hudson Gas and Electric were involved with negotiations regarding Central Hudson's two electrical circuits traversing the bridge. TheNew York State Supreme Court endorsed an agreement in September 1984 whereby Conrail would make every attempt to obtain the permits by May 1985 to demolish the bridge, and Central Hudson would make every attempt to find an alternative route for its circuits by May 1985. Conrail knew that there was lead paint on the bridge, permits for demolition might be difficult to obtain, and demolition costs would be high.[35] Later in 1984, Conrail advised Pevsner to take title of the bridge in a shell corporation, with no assets but the bridge and no funds to pay for necessary insurance and maintenance: the railroad just wanted to be rid of the bridge, whatever the ethics of such disposal. This decision was made personally by then-Conrail ChairmanL. Stanley Crane, at a time when Conrail was owned by the U.S. government. Pevsner refused, and let his option expire on November 1, 1984.[15] One day later, on November 2, 1984, Conrail sold the bridge for $1 to a group of investors fromSt. Davids, Pennsylvania, calledRailway Management Associates to "get it off the books". The only known member of this investor group was a convicted bank swindler and ex-felon named Gordon Schreiber Miller.[36][37][38] For less than a year, Miller collected $10,000 in monthly rent paid by Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation for its two 115,000-volt and 69,000-volt circuits representing six power cables across the Hudson, attached to the south side of the bridge since 1949.[39] Central Hudson de-energized those power lines and relocated them under the river by early 1985, thereby ending Miller's only source of bridge income.[32][35][37] For the next fourteen years, Miller and his successor, Vito Moreno, spent little to nothing on maintenance or insurance; critical bridge navigation lights were mostly inoperative, resulting in largeU.S. Coast Guard fines against the Miller corporation that all went unpaid. Further, all of the 2,200-pound brackets that connected Central Hudson's de-energized high-tension power lines to the south side of the bridge continued to deteriorate by rusting. Though Central Hudson admitted that it normally had a legal duty to remove its abandoned power lines, it refused to remove its abandoned bridge-affixed lines, instead relying on a claim that it no longer owned the lines at issue pursuant to prior litigation with Conrail that was decided on September 26, 1984,[40] and won a similar legal opinion before theNew York State Public Service Commission in 1995, which was left to stand on April 1, 1999, when The Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge Company, Inc., as the successor owner to Gordon Schreiber Miller and Vito Moreno, withdrew its 1998 complaint against Central Hudson on January 27, 1999.[41]
On June 4, 1998, following the long nonpayment ofDutchess andUlster County taxes on the bridge by prior owners Gordon Schreiber Miller and his successor, Vito Moreno, Moreno deeded the bridge to a nonprofit volunteer organization called Walkway Over the Hudson, which took title through its nonprofit New York corporation, the Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge Company, Inc., hoping to turn it into a pedestrian and cyclist walkway. The deed was recorded in both counties on June 5, 1998. The former Central Hudson power lines were finally removed in 2009, as part of Walkway construction. On December 21, 2010, the Walkway corporation conveyed the entire structure to the New York State Bridge Authority, which restored high-limit liability insurance and "deep-pocket" maintenance assurance for the first time since November 2, 1984.[42] On September 5, 2009, conversion work and repairs to the structural steel and the laying of concrete slabs for the walkway were completed. The volunteer head of "Walkway", as it is known locally, said in 2008, "We think people will come from all over. It's the equivalent of theEiffel Tower, or theGolden Gate Bridge."[43] The project initially received support from local residents, city and state officials totaling about $1,000,000, plus forgiveness of $550,000 in taxes inherited from the previous owners.[44][45] Walkway then solicited funding from both the State and Federal governments for historic preservation, and from private philanthropic organizations.[46] Funding sources as of January 13, 2016, include:[47]
The total budget as of October 2009 totaled about $38.8 million. The Walkway Group raised a total of $30.7 million as of October 23, 2009. The $8.1 million deficit was financed by lines of credit fromUlster Savings Bank ($4 million) andM&T Bank ($4.1 million) that were drawn-upon to complete the project in 2009.[48] These lines of credit were converted to loans, with an additional $2.3 million allocated to 2014 elevator construction, and were guaranteed and paid-off by The Dyson Foundation (see above).[49]
The project was separated into four phases, with the first two completed as of October 2009:[50]
The piers were inspected in 2008 and given a clean bill of health.[51] Similarly, Bergmann Associates, P.C. (ofRochester andAlbany, New York), project engineers and managers, has stated in writing that the wind loads were carefully examined for the replacement, solid-concrete Walkway decking, and that this item is not a safety problem.[52] The decking work was completed on September 5, 2009. Walkway opened the bridge to the public on October 3, 2009, in time for the quadricentennial celebration ofHenry Hudson sailing up theHudson River, and that day handed it over to theNew York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation for management. Despite this, inevitable comparisons have been drawn to the similarKinzua Bridge, in northwestern Pennsylvania, which blew over in amicroburst tornado when the bolts connecting the steel framework to the piers failed. Ironically, renovation work was going on to strengthen the corroded areas when the tornado destroyed most of this former Erie Railroad viaduct. DuringHurricane Irene, residents living within 500 feet of the Poughkeepsie Bridge were evacuated as a precaution, and emergency repairs to reduce bridge sway (by the addition of new steel X-braces, supplanting the original turnbuckle-adjusted tension rods) were hurriedly installed.[citation needed]
The bridge became aNational Recreation Trail in 2009.[53]
The opening ceremony of the Walkway Over the Hudson State Historic Park was held on October 3, 2009, as part of widerNY400 celebrations, featured music byPete Seeger, and was attended by GovernorDavid Paterson, SenatorChuck Schumer, CongressmanMaurice Hinchey, president of nearbyVassar CollegeCatharine Bond Hill,[54] John May, engineer of the last train across the bridge, and other officials. Paterson said, "This bridge is now the longest footbridge in the world."[9]
The walkway immediately saw many more visitors than the expected 267,000 per year. In its first three months, it saw about 415,000 people.[55]
The walkway is operated as part of the New York State Historic Park System, open from 7:00 a.m. to dusk. Limited, wheelchair-friendly parking is available on either end of the bridge:
There are restrooms located at the ends of the walkway, although at the time of a 2008 engineering survey of the bridge, there was "not a johnny on the spot."[57] Pets are permitted, but owners should bring equipment to clean up. Bicycles and roller blades (but not skateboards) are permitted, and the walkway is flat and relatively wheelchair-friendly.[56]
The walkway connects with theDutchess Rail Trail on the Poughkeepsie side and theHudson Valley Rail Trail on the Highland side. The Dutchess Rail Trail additionally connects with theMaybrook Trailway inHopewell Junction, making it part of a 40-mile continuous trail stretching from the village ofBrewster to the village ofNew Paltz. All of these trails are part of theEmpire State Trail.
On May 22, 2013, the Walkway Over the Hudson organization opened a new east pavilion, built entirely through donations of money and services. The pavilion will be occupied by the volunteers who serve as walkway ambassadors who greet and offer assistance to visitors.[58]
In October 2013, a "mobile web tour" was introduced, consisting ofQR codes at locations on the walkway which link to Web content related to the spot.[59]
In summer 2014, a 21-story glass elevator connecting Upper Landing Park to the walkway was opened.[60] This allows visitors to reach the center of the span via a more direct route. It also connects the walkway to the Poughkeepsie waterfront area, which is near the railroad station,Mid-Hudson Children's Museum, and Waryas Park.
On June 29, 2018, the $5.4 million, 3,500-square-foot Ulster Welcome Center at the western gateway officially opened. The facility has a plaza and amphitheater, 1,400 square foot covered patio and concession stand and public restrooms.[61] On June 20, 2019, the $3 million Dutchess Welcome Center at the eastern end of the park was dedicated and opened to the public. The 1,800 square-foot facility features restrooms, bike racks, tourist information, an outdoor patio with benches and a water fountain for dogs. Dual entrances are off Washington Street and Orchard Place.[62] A new glassed-in elevator, opened on June 20, 2019, that takes visitors to the Walkway from Upper Landing Park has been rebuilt with new "energy chain" technology which will make operations more reliable.[63]
On October 25, 2021, GovernorKathy Hochul dedicated the newEast Gate Plaza for the Walkway Over The Hudson. The location, outside the Poughkeepsie entrance, doubled the gathering space on top of the Washington Street stairs. The space is suitable for community and other events. The project cost $2 million and was funded through State Parks Capital Funds, the Environmental Protection Fund and support from the Friends of the Walkway.[64]
The first footrace on the walkway occurred the day after the official opening on October 4, 2009. The 5k race started on the Highland side, crossed to the Poughkeepsie side and turned around at the parking lot and finished back in Highland. The race was won by James Boeding in a time of 16:26. The female winner was Kira DiCaprio in 20:12. There were 660 recorded finishers of the race.[65] The 5K race, called "Treetops to Rooftops," has become an annual event, organized by the Mid-Hudson Road Runners Club.[66] The inauguralWalkway Marathon was held on June 13, 2015, with full and half marathons and a5K run. A new addition in 2016 was the Think Differently Dash, a one-mile race for people with physical and developmental disabilities.
On May 15, 2010, LEDs were turned on for the first time, designed to allow nighttime use of the bridge, though due to funding limitations this is expected to only be used on special occasions. Some 3,000 people paid $5 apiece to attend the sold-out ceremony.[67] Crowd management presented a problem, prompting criticism and an apology from walkway organizational leaders, but ultimately no incident or injury.[68]
Though typically closed at sunset each day, the walkway often has events after sundown. Some of these openings (such as forIndependence Day and in December) include fireworks displays.[69] In July 2012, in a photograph taken from the walkway, an amateur photographer captured what theNew York Daily News described as a "breathtaking juxtaposition" capturing fireworks and a bolt of lightning in the same image.[70] Some of the nighttime events have featured members of the Mid-Hudson Astronomical Association, who have provided telescopes for public viewing of the moon, stars, and planets from the walkway,[71] along with lectures by local astronomerBob Berman.[72]
On January 21, 2017, a march was held there as part of the worldwide2017 Women's March the day after the inauguration ofDonald Trump as president, drawing an estimated 5,000 participants, extending the entire length of the walkway.[73]
'We determined that the condition has not changed much at all since 1969'
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