TheGHB andGABAB receptoragonistsodium oxybate orγ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been used in the treatment of narcolepsy.[31][8][5][3] Relatedly, some researchers have classified this drug as a stimulant-like agent.[31] However, GHB is taken at night and only results in improved wakefulness the next day following sleep.[31]
The related term "eugeroic" (or "eugregoric") means "vigilance-promoting".[5] It was introduced in 1987 in theFrench literature and has been used as an alternative term to refer to wakefulness-promoting drugs and to distinguish them from psychostimulants.[5] However, the term has usually been used to refer specifically to modafinil and itsanalogues, even to the exclusion of other wakefulness-promoting agents.[5][32][33] Moreover, the term has not been widely adopted in thescientific literature.[5] The discovery of wakefulness-promotingneurons and theorexinneuropeptides has prompted a terminological shift away from the concept of "vigilance-promoting" to "wakefulness-promoting".[5]
^abcBoutrel B, Koob GF (September 2004). "What keeps us awake: the neuropharmacology of stimulants and wakefulness-promoting medications".Sleep.27 (6):1181–1194.doi:10.1093/sleep/27.6.1181.PMID15532213.
^abcdefghNishino, Seiji; Kotorii, Nozomu (2016). "Modes of Action of Drugs Related to Narcolepsy: Pharmacology of Wake-Promoting Compounds and Anticataplectics".Narcolepsy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 307–329.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23739-8_22.ISBN978-3-319-23738-1.
^abcdefgThorpy MJ, Bogan RK (April 2020). "Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: mechanisms of action and clinical implications".Sleep Med.68:97–109.doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.001.PMID32032921.
^Macolino-Kane, Christine M.; Ciallella, John R.; Lipinski, Christopher A.; Reaume, Andrew G. (14 July 2017). "Phenotypic Screening".Drug Repositioning. Frontiers in Neurotherapeutics. Boca Raton: CRC Press, [2017]: CRC Press. pp. 121–145.doi:10.4324/9781315373669-7.ISBN978-1-315-37366-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Veinberg G, Vavers E, Orlova N, Kuznecovs J, Domracheva I, Vorona M, Zvejniece L, Dambrova M (2015). "Stereochemistry of phenylpiracetam and its methyl derivative: improvement of the pharmacological profile".Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds.51 (7):601–606.doi:10.1007/s10593-015-1747-9.ISSN0009-3122.Phenylpiracetam was originally designed as a nootropic drug for the sustenance and improvement of the physical condition and cognition abilities of Soviet space crews.2 Later, especially during the last decade, phenylpiracetam was introduced into general clinical practice in Russia and in some Eastern European countries. The possible target receptors and mechanisms for the acute activity of this drug remained unclear, until very recently it was found that (R)-phenylpiracetam (5) (MRZ-9547) is a selective dopamine transporter inhibitor that moderately stimulates striatal dopamine release.19
^DeMartinis NA, Winokur A (February 2007). "Effects of psychiatric medications on sleep and sleep disorders".CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets.6 (1):17–29.doi:10.2174/187152707779940835.PMID17305551.
^Dudysová D, Janků K, Šmotek M, Saifutdinova E, Kopřivová J, Bušková J, Mander BA, Brunovský M, Zach P, Korčák J, Andrashko V, Viktorinová M, Tylš F, Bravermanová A, Froese T, Páleníček T, Horáček J (2020)."The Effects of Daytime Psilocybin Administration on Sleep: Implications for Antidepressant Action".Front Pharmacol.11 602590.doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.602590.PMC7744693.PMID33343372.Serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and mescaline show sleep alterations including an increase in wakefulness and inhibition of REM and NREM sleep (Colasanti and Khazan, 1975; Kay and Martin, 1978).
^Monti JM (March 2010). "Serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists in the treatment of insomnia: present status and future prospects".Drugs Today (Barc).46 (3):183–193.doi:10.1358/dot.2010.46.3.1437247.PMID20467592.Systemic administration of the nonselective 5-HT2A receptor agonists DOI (1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]- 2-aminopropane) and DOM (1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4- methylphenyl]-2-aminopropane) has been shown to reduce SWS and REM sleep, and to augment wakefulness in the rat (47-49) (Table I). In addition, systemic or intrathalamic injection of DOI decreased the neocortical high-voltage spindle activity that occurs during relaxed wakefulness in the rat (50).
^Kuypers, Kim P. C. (2024)."Microdosing Psychedelics as a Promising New Pharmacotherapeutic".Modern CNS Drug Discovery. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 407–436.doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61992-2_26.ISBN978-3-031-61991-5. Retrieved28 May 2025.Interestingly, users sometimes attribute other effects to different psychedelics, in which LSD is more associated with cognitive and/or stimulant effects and psilocybin with emotional or well-being effects (Anderson et al. 2019b; Johnstad 2018). This stronger stimulant character of LSD compared to psilocybin was seen by some as an advantage while others experienced it as uncomfortable (Johnstad 2018). [...] Additionally, McGlothlin et al. (1967) showed that LSD (25 mcg) indeed induces stimulant effects, as the effects were similar to those of amphetamine (20 mg) (McGlothlin et al. 1967). Notwithstanding this does not confirm that psilocybin and LSD would have dissimilar effects; it rather supports the claims by users that LSD in low doses has stimulant effects (Johnstad 2018; Anderson et al. 2019a). [...] Decades earlier, Albert Hofmann, the "discoverer" of LSD and its hallucinogenic effects, mentioned that "very small doses, perhaps 25 micrograms," could be useful as an antidepressant (Ghose 2015; Horowitz 1976) or as a substitute for Ritalin (Fadiman 2017; Horowitz 1976).
^Baggott MJ (1 October 2023)."Learning about STP: A Forgotten Psychedelic from the Summer of Love"(PDF).History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals.65 (1):93–116.doi:10.3368/hopp.65.1.93.ISSN2694-3034. Retrieved26 January 2025.The Grateful Dead learned they could use small amounts as a stimulant, an effect they used extensively during the recording of the album Aoxomoxoa in 1968 and 1969.143 The use of lower doses of DOM echoed DOET's "psychic energizer" effects and may be the first documented use of subpsychedelic doses of a psychedelic for cognitive enhancement, a practice that is now called microdosing.144
^Maciulaitis R, Kontrimaviciute V, Bressolle FM, Briedis V (March 2008). "Ibogaine, an anti-addictive drug: pharmacology and time to go further in development. A narrative review".Hum Exp Toxicol.27 (3):181–194.Bibcode:2008HETox..27..181M.doi:10.1177/0960327107087802.PMID18650249.In traditional use, ibogaine was consumed by chewing the root bark of T. iboga. Commercially available formulations include plant extracts and crystalline ibogaine hydrochloride salt. From 1901 to 1905, ibogaine was recommended as a treatment for "asthenia" at a dosage range of 10–30 mg/day. Tablets from extracts of the roots of Tabernanthe manii, containing about 200 mg of extract or 8 mg of ibogaine per tablet, were sold in France as a neuromuscular stimulant between 1939 and 1970 under the trade name of Lambarene®. This marketed formulation was recommended in the treatment of fatigue, depression, and recovery from infectious disease.9 Another ibogaine containing preparation was Iperton®, used as a tonic or stimulant, delivering 40 mg of the total T. iboga extract.39 The ibogaine hydrochloride salt (98% purity) was favored for research. Capsules containing 100 or 200 mg of ibogaine were available.40
