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Wadie Haddad | |
|---|---|
وديع حداد | |
 Haddad in Syria,c. 1970 | |
| Born | 1927 |
| Died | 28 March 1978(1978-03-28) (aged 50–51) |
| Other names | Abu Hani |
| Alma mater | American University of Beirut |
| Years active | 1951–1978 |
| Organization | PFLP–EO |
Wadie Haddad (Arabic:وديع حداد; 1927 – 28 March 1978), also known by thekunyaAbu Hani (أبو هاني), was a Palestinian militant and founding leader of thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) who later split to form thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - External Operations (PFLP-EO). Haddad organized several hijackings of international civilian passenger aircraft in the 1960s and 1970s.[1]
Haddad was born into a family ofPalestinian Christians (Greek Orthodox) in the city ofSafed in 1927.[2] His home was destroyed during the1948 Arab–Israeli War, prompting him to flee toLebanon as aPalestinian refugee. He received a degree in medicine from theAmerican University of Beirut, where he met fellow Palestinian refugeeGeorge Habash, who was also a medical student. Together, they helped found theArab Nationalist Movement (ANM), a political organization ofpan-Arabists who sought to dismantleIsrael and unite the world'sArab countries. Haddad became a leading member of the organisation.[3]
After graduating, he relocated with Habash toAmman,Jordan, where they established a medical clinic. He worked with theUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in 1956 but was arrested by Jordanian authorities in the following year due to his nationalist activities. In 1961, he managed to escape toSyria. In 1962 he was one of 60 ANM members trained at the Egyptian commando school at Inshas.[4] Haddad became a proponent of the armed struggle against Israel and succeeded in militarizing the ANM.
The ANM was one of the groups that came together to found thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in late 1967.[5] Haddad oversaw its Special Apparatus, which was responsible for so-called external operations—attacks conducted outside the borders of historic Palestine.[6] Haddad planned the first ever act of modern air terrorism, which the PFLP executed on 23 July 1968, hijacking anEl-Al flight from Rome toLod airport and redirecting it toAlgeria. Negotiations lasted 39 days.[7] Haddad organized another hijacking in August 1969, when PFLP militants led byLeila Khaled diverted aTWA flight from Rome to Damascus.[8] TheDawson's Field hijackings, the simultaneous hijacking of multiple flights organised by Haddad, provoked theBlack September crackdown on thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO) inJordan. Haddad was extensively criticised, especially by the organisation's left.[9] At a central committee meeting in early November 1970, the PFLP publicly agreed to suspend external operations in general and the tactic of airplane hijacking specifically.[10][11]
Haddad was later instructed to brief the whole PFLP leadership before conducting further external operations, but he refused to do so, saying that he would liaise only withGeorge Habash, and to a lesser extent with three other senior figures.[12] Haddad paused hijackings for more than a year, but defied the moratorium by organising the hijacking ofLufthansa Flight 649 in February 1972.[12] In reaction, the PFLP's third general conference on 7 March 1972 voted to dissolve the Special Apparatus and expel Haddad.[13] Haddad continued to be friendly with Habash, however, and channeled substantial funds to the PFLP over the following three years.[14]
In June 1976, Haddad organized the hijacking and redirection ofAir France Flight 139 toEntebbe, Uganda. He planned to hold the flight's Israeli and Jewish passengers hostage to promotePalestinian nationalism and secure the release of internationally held Palestinian prisoners. The operation's failure following theIsraeli commando raid led to the PFLP publicly expelling and severing ties with Haddad. TheCIA believed that Haddad's expulsion was a publicity stunt designed to createplausible deniability about PFLP—and perhaps PLO—involvement in Haddad's terrorism. It is notable that, despite poor public relations between the PFLP and Haddad, the PFLP fully funded and organized Haddad's large funeral procession in 1978.[15]Leila Khaled also stated that Haddad maintained consistent relationships with some PFLP members until his death.[16]
Haddad cooperated with non-PFLP organizations such as theBlack September Organization, the West GermanRevolutionary Cells and theJapanese Red Army. He also secretly worked with several dictators, includingIdi Amin andMuammar Gaddafi.
During the February 1972Lufthansa Flight 649 hijacking, Haddad's commandos demanded the release of several Black September Organization members alongsideSirhan Sirhan. Haddad also enlisted one of his top militants, Ali Taha, to lead the Black September Organization's hijacking ofSabena Flight 571. After an Israeli commando raid foiled the plan and killed the hijackers, Haddad retaliated by collaborating with the Japanese Red Army to stage theLod Airport massacre. In turn, Haddad sent his militants to support the Japanese Red Army's 20 July 1973 hijacking ofJapan Air Lines Flight 404.[17]
Haddad developed a close relationship withIlich Ramírez Sánchez ("Carlos the Jackal") during the early 1970s. In January 1975, Haddad ordered Carlos andJohannes Weinrich, a member of the German Revolutionary Cells,to attack a Paris airport with RPGs. They fired two shots, which both missed, before escaping.[18] Haddad planned another collaboration between the Revolutionary Cells and the PFLP, charging Carlos with leading ajoint siege on a December 1975 OPEC meeting. The operation featured three PFLP and three Revolutionary Cell militants, includingWilfried Bose, and was supported byMuammar Gaddafi.[19]
Using a combination of PFLP and German Revolutionary Cell militants, Haddad collaborated with Ugandan PresidentIdi Amin to hijackAir France Flight 139 in June 1976. He chargedWilfried Bose with leading the hijacking.[15] After the hijacking failed, Haddad sent PFLP and Japanese Red Army militants to attackIstanbul Airport in August 1976.[20]
After years of the Revolutionary Cells primarily supporting the PFLP, not the other way around, in October 1977, Haddad sent four militants to hijackLufthansa Flight 181 on behalf of the Revolutionary Cells. They demanded the release of 2 PFLP and 11 Revolutionary Cell members, the same militants whose release was demanded weeks earlier during the Revolutionary Cells'kidnapping of Martin Schleyer. The hijacking ended in a raid byGSG 9, and was Haddad's final operation.[21]
Haddad had a close relationship with Swiss neo-Nazi,ODESSA facilitator, and formerAbwehr agentFrancois Genoud.[22]
According to a letter fromYuri Andropov toLeonid Brezhnev in theMitrokhin archives, theKGB recruited Haddad as AgentNATSIONALIST in 1970 for three purposes: gaining a degree of control over the PFLP's operations, exerting regional influence to Soviet favor, and leveraging PFLP assets to conduct clandestine operations that would not trace back to the USSR. Conversely, Haddad viewed collaboration with the KGB as a tool to obtain arms for the PFLP. The first major arms shipment, codenamedOperation VOSTOK, was discreetly handed over to Haddad at night inAden, Yemen around July 1970. To prevent tracing back to the KGB, the shipment featured a substantial array of weapons and munitions sourced from outside theEastern Bloc, including pistols, assault rifles, mines, and silencers. Some of the technology was among the most advanced in the Soviet arsenal and had not yet been given to even the otherWarsaw Pact members.[23][15]
The first KGB operation using Haddad as a proxy wasOperation VINT, an attempt to kidnap the deputy head of the CIA station in Lebanon and take him to the USSR. Despite lengthy preparation, Haddad's militants failed in the kidnapping as the CIA agent varied his daily routine. A later attempt by the militants to assassinate the agent also failed.[24]
Haddad utilized an elaborate system to covertly meet with a KGB operations officer in Beirut. These meetings enabled Haddad to receive intelligence and suggestions for operations from the KGB, and in turn, the KGB could dissuade Haddad from conducting operations that ran counter to Soviet interests. As a result, the KGB likely had knowledge and varying involvement in all of the PFLP's external operations. The exact level of involvement in Haddad's operations is mostly unknown, with one exception—theFirst Chief Directorate directly advised Haddad on the method, location, and timing of attack on an Israeli oil tanker, theCoral Sea. Two PFLP agents unsuccessfully attempted to sink the vessel using threeRPG-7s on 13 June 1971.[25]
In September 1974, Haddad visited Russia with his wife, son, and daughter. During discussions on Haddad's future with the KGB, he agreed to allocate several PFLP agents to tracking down Soviet defectors, and the KGB agreed to supply him with more sabotage equipment. The shipment included foreign-made pistols, assault rifles, and radio-controlled mines. The KGB sent another shipment in May 1975, including foreign-made pistols, machine guns, ammunition, and silencers. Both shipments arrived under the cover of darkness in Aden, as the July 1970 shipment had.[26]
In 1976, Haddad sent ten militants to theAndropov Institute for 3 months of training. Repeat sessions were held in 1977 and 1978, and potentially for years after. Haddad visited Moscow in March 1977, receiving $10,000 and 10 foreign-made pistols with silencers. In exchange, he agreed to establish contact between the KGB and anIrish Republican Army representative in Algiers.[27]
Some of the information about KGB-PFLP collaboration from the Mitrokhin archives is corroborated in theBukovsky archives. Three classified documents from theCPSU Central Committee archive were located and secretly copied byVladimir Bukovsky in 1992.[28][29][30]
Haddad died on 28 March 1978 inEast Germany, reportedly fromleukemia. According to the bookStriking Back, published byAaron J. Klein in 2006, Haddad was killed byMossad, which had sent thechocolate-loving HaddadBelgian chocolates coated with a slow-acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die several months later.[31]
According toRonen Bergman, Mossad killed Haddad by poisoning histoothpaste. On 10 January 1978, a deep-cover Mossad agent with a high level of access to Haddad's home and office switched his regular tube of toothpaste for an identical tube containing a toxin that had been developed at theIsrael Institute for Biological Research. Some of the toxin penetrated the mucous membranes of his mouth and entered his bloodstream every time he brushed his teeth. Haddad became ill and was admitted to an Iraqi government hospital, where the doctors could not figure out what his condition was and suspected he had been poisoned. UponYasser Arafat's request, he was flown to East Germany to be hospitalized at a prestigious hospital which treated members of the intelligence and security communities, where he was admitted under the pseudonym of Ahmed Doukli.
According to Haddad, the tube of lethal toothpaste was included in a bag of toiletries his aides packed for him when he was taken to East Germany. He was extensively tested and the physicians suspected he had been poisoned with either rat poison or thallium, but found no direct evidence. His condition continued to deteriorate. According to intelligence provided by an Israeli agent in East Germany, Haddad's screams of pain were heard throughout the hospital and he had to be heavily dosed with tranquilizers and sedatives. Haddad died ten days after his arrival there.[32][33]
What remained of the PFLP-EO dissolved after Haddad's death, but in the process inaugurated the15 May Organization, thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - Special Command (PFLP-SC) and theLebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions.[34]
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