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| Broadcast area | New York metropolitan area |
| Frequency | 89.9MHz (HD Radio) |
| Branding | WKCR 89.9FM NY |
| Programming | |
| Format | College radio |
| Subchannels | |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Columbia University |
| History | |
| Founded | February 24, 1941 (1941-02-24) |
First air date | May 14, 1956 (69 years ago) (1956-05-14)[1] |
Call sign meaning | "King's Crown Radio"[2] |
| Technical information[3] | |
Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 68270 |
| Class | B1 |
| ERP | 1,350 watts |
| HAAT | 284 meters (932 ft) |
Transmitter coordinates | 40°45′21.4″N73°59′08.5″W / 40.755944°N 73.985694°W /40.755944; -73.985694 |
| Links | |
Public license information | |
| Webcast | Listen live |
| Website | www |
WKCR-FM (89.9FM) is a radio station licensed toNew York, New York. The station is owned byColumbia University and serves theNew York metropolitan area. Founded in 1941, the station traces its history back to 1908 with the first operations of the Columbia University Radio Club (CURC). In 1956, it became one of the firstcollege radio stations to adoptFM broadcasting, which had been invented two decades earlier by ProfessorEdwin Howard Armstrong. The station was preceded by student involvement inW2XMN, an experimental FM station founded by Armstrong, for which the CURC provided programming. Originally an education-focused station, since theColumbia University protests of 1968, WKCR-FM has shifted its focus towards alternative musical programming, with an emphasis onjazz, classical, andhip-hop.
WKCR has been described as one of the premier stations for jazz in the United States, having been involved in the New York jazz scene from its founding; one of its first broadcasts was the earliest performance byThelonious Monk on radio. ThroughThe Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show, it has played an instrumental role in the development of hip hop since the 1990s. It was also one of the first stations in the United States to broadcastsalsa music.
The station made its firstAM broadcast out ofJohn Jay Hall and its first FM broadcast fromPhilosophy Hall, where Armstrong had invented FM. In 1958, it moved its transmitter to theDuMont Building onMadison Avenue. Following a decade of bureaucratic struggle against thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey and theFederal Communications Commission, it began transmitting from an antenna atop theWorld Trade Center in 1985. After the towers' destruction in 2001, the station broadcast for a brief period of time from a backup transmitter on the roof ofCarman Hall, before moving to4 Times Square in 2003, where it remains today. Its studios are currently located inAlfred Lerner Hall.
The first recorded instance of radio experimentation at Columbia took place in 1906, in the same year as the firstAM radio transmission made byReginald Fessenden. Records indicate that a Columbia University Experimental Wireless Station had set up a cage‑type radio antenna between the chimneys ofHavemeyer Hall andSchermerhorn Hall.[4][5]
What is now WKCR‑FM originated as the Wireless Telegraph Club of Columbia University, now under the name Columbia University Amateur Radio Club. Founded in 1908, one year before the Harvard Wireless Club (W1AF) and the MIT Radio Society (W1MX), it is the oldest amateur radio society.[6][7] It set up its first experimental station on the roof of University Hall, where Uris Hall now stands, in November of that year with the blessings of ProfessorMihajlo Pupin, who donated a corner of his laboratory in Havemeyer Hall to the club, as well a largeelectromagnetic coil.[8]
Originally intended only for catching stray signals from passing ships, the station was soon used to communicate with stations from other universities and other stations in New York City. It engaged in its first test with the Wireless Association atPrinceton University in 1909,[9] and in March of that year, it was used to receive the results of a basketball game against theUniversity of Pennsylvania fromThe Bellevue-Stratford Hotel inPhiladelphia, the first such use of radio by college students.[10]
By 1915, the Wireless Club was known as the Columbia University Radio Club (CURC).[11] The CURC made its first broadcasts with itsham radio station, W2AEE. The call sign was assigned to the CURC as early as 1931 and still operates under the Columbia University Amateur Radio Club.[12] Its first recorded broadcast was in 1933,[13] and the station received its license in 1938.[14]
In 1933,FM broadcasting was invented by Professor of Electrical EngineeringEdwin Howard Armstrong in the basement ofPhilosophy Hall. As an undergraduate at Columbia, he had studied under Pupin and invented theregenerative circuit.[15] Immediately after his graduation in 1913, he was offered a position at the university, and continued his experimentation with radios. In 1914, he strung up another antenna between Havemeyer and Schermerhorn Halls for a new radio. At the time, it was considered "one of the best on the eastern coast", and could reportedly receive signals from as far away asHonolulu, Hawaii.[16][17] Following his invention of FM, Armstrong createdW2XMN, the first regularly operated FM radio station, which made its first broadcast on July 18, 1939.[15] Soon after its completion, the CURC began using W2XMN to test the potential of FM for college radio.[12] The CURC made its first public and FM broadcasts on W2XMN, for which it provided programming.[18]
WKCR proper was founded in 1940. The original station was built almost single‑handedly by electrical engineering student William Hutchins in his room inJohn Jay Hall. Armstrong donated a microphone and turntables to the fledgling station.[19] While setting the station up, the Radio Club engaged in illegal experimentation, exceeding FCC minimum power regulations forcarrier current transmission.[12] Under the name CURC, the station made its unofficial debut on December 31, 1940, with a broadcast of audio from a New Year's Eve party in John Jay Dining Hall. Its official maiden broadcast was made on February 24, 1941, and opened with a recording of "Roar, Lion, Roar", followed by light classical music, a 15‑minute sports show, 40 minutes of jazz, a campus news summary, and symphonic music.[19] The station soon moved its headquarters to the space betweenHartley Hall andHamilton Hall.[5]
Within its first year, CURC was broadcasting 18 hours a day, including10+1⁄2 hours of rebroadcasts fromW71NY and W2XMN. After the FCC officially recognized college radio stations in 1946, the station received the official call sign of WKCR (standing for "King's Crown Radio"); the designation was originally used by aMerchant Marine ship, theSS Miramar.[20][21]
In February 1956, Columbia University applied for a construction permit for a new 10-watt station on 89.9 MHz.[22] The FCC approved on April 5, and the first tests of the new station were carried out on May 14;[1] full-time programming did not begin until October 8[23] for New York's third noncommercial radio outlet.[24] It used a ten‑watt transmitter that once belonged to Armstrong, which it installed on the roof of Philosophy Hall, as well as $25,000 worth of master control equipment donated byWMCA.[15] A third of the student volunteers for WKCR-FM were women from the affiliatedBarnard College.[25]
Until the 1970s, the carrier current WKCR, focused largely on music broadcasting and restricted to campus, coexisted with WKCR‑FM, which covered the entireNew York metropolitan area with a greater emphasis on education. Programming was largely university sports, lecture series, classical music, and broadcasts from the United Nations, including many interviews with representatives of foreign nations.[26]
WKCR‑FM began broadcasting from theDuMont Building onMadison Avenue in 1958, and in 1964 it became the first noncommercial radio station to broadcast in stereo.[18][27] During the 1960s, the station would continue to develop its educational content. Members of the news department would travel to Washington, D.C. annually to interview political figures, while WKCR became the only station in the New York area to carryUnited Nations General Assembly meetings in full.[28][29] While the station's musical programming mainly focused on classical, it also played jazz, folk, bluegrass, andshow tunes. Guests who were interviewed on the station during this time period includedMartin Luther King Jr.,William F. Buckley Jr., andJimmy Hoffa.[28]
During theColumbia University protests of 1968, WKCR was the only source of live news from the university. With 50 or 60 students working in shifts, it was able to provide near-nonstop coverage for the week of protests.[30] During the protests, the station had several "special operations" groups—student experts on telephone systems, key collectors who were able to open every lock on campus, and experts in acquiring telephone equipment that, according to station engineer Jon Perelstein, "a college radio station probably shouldn't have had"—which, by breaking into telephone distribution panel rooms throughthe university tunnel system, were able to appropriate campus phone lines so that reporters could instantly communicate with station headquarters from any of the occupied buildings. According to one story, when the police stormedLow Memorial Library, a staff member picked up one of the phones and began reporting on the events. When a policeman came over and destroyed the phone he was using, the student simply picked up the phone on the next desk over and continued his report. Station staff also tapped aNew York City Police Department phone line that ran from a university telephone distribution panel to a command vehicle outside, and, on radios loaned from W2AEE, stalked frequencies known to be used by the NYPD when planning large operations.[31]
I'm in a room on the seventh floor [ofHartley Hall] overlooking the scene... Candles are being lit in various windows ofHamilton Hall... There has been a lot of egg-throwing... The crowd is milling about... Someone is playing "The Marseillaise"...
WKCR coverage only stopped for a period of time on April 26, when the university ordered the station to suspend operations. Students demanded the station be allowed to return to the air, and within half an hour the administration relented.The New York Times described WKCR's reporting as "clear and concise with a sound of informality and immediacy".[30][32] The station contradicted the narratives offered by commercial news outlets, which only broadcast statements made by politicians and university administrators, by offering student perspectives to its audience. When civil rights activistsH. Rap Brown andStokely Carmichael joined the protests, they were interviewed on WKCR.[33] Following the station's involvement in the protests, the university administration has treated the station with animosity.[34]
After 1968, WKCR sought to rid itself of its reputation as a "classroom of the air".[35] The AM carrier current service was discontinued, while the FM station shifted its emphasis from education to music, particularly jazz. The station sought to provide a platform for music that was neglected by commercial radio, adopting the slogan "The Alternative". In a time when most Latin programming focused on older music and romantic ballads, it became one of the first stations in the United States to broadcastsalsa. It also welcomedexperimental andcontemporary classical music, featuring musicians includingKarlheinz Stockhausen,John Zorn,Zeena Parkins, andJohn Cage, who, in 1987, used the WKCR studios once to remixopera music.[28] During a May 29, 1978, minimalist music marathon hosted by staff memberTim Page, the station presented the radio premiers of several leading minimalist compositions, includingEinstein on the Beach byPhilip Glass andMusic for 18 Musicians bySteve Reich.[36] Page also organized a WKCR charity concert which was held on April 1, 1979, inCarnegie Hall, and featured Glass and Reich, in addition toJohn Cale,Leroy Jenkins, andUrsula Oppens.[37]David Bowie also made a brief appearance to play a duet with Cale on the viola.[38][39]
The blues and jazz record labelOblivion Records was based at the WKCR studio from 1972 until 1976, when it ceased initial operations. The label was founded by staff memberFred Seibert, who would later go on to foundMTV, along with Dick Pennington and folk musicianTom Pomposello. During his time at WKCR, Seibert recorded and published live performances made at the station; notable albums that were recorded or edited at WKCR includeLive in New York, featuringMississippi Fred McDowell andBlues from the Apple, featuring Charles Walker and the New York City Blues Band.[40]
WKCR began making plans in 1975 to move its transmitter to1 World Trade Center, citing deteriorating signal quality due to the construction of the nearbyCitigroup Center. Fundraising was completed in September, and the station was given until March 31, 1976, to build its new transmitter.[41] Due to a bureaucratic stalemate, the deadline was missed, and the station had to apply for a new lease. TheColumbia Daily Spectator reported on September 14, 1976, that negotiations with thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey were in their final stages, and that the move was projected to take place before January 1, 1977.[42] In July 1977,The New York Times announced that WKCR would move by September 15 of that year, and would the first station to transmit from the World Trade Center. A nine-day, 200-hour longLouis Armstrong festival was planned to inaugurate the station's new transmitter.[18]
The move was delayed again when the Port Authority declared two of the application forms to be incomplete. The applications were resubmitted, and in November, the Port Authority announced that the station would be able to make the move within a month.[43] However, a day before the station was to install its new antenna, the Port Authority intervened, stating that the antenna was not built to withstand strong enough winds. Despite an earlier agreement that the Port Authority would cover the costs for any transmitter and antenna modification or replacement, when confronted by station officials, the Port Authority refused to pay, denying that the agreement was ever made in the first place.[44] A new antenna, built to the Port Authority's specifications, was constructed in September 1978, and the Port Authority announced that it would grant the station its approval again in a few weeks.[45] In January 1979, WKCR received a $43,912 grant from theOffice of Education of theUnited States Department of Health and Human Services to aid in its move to the Twin Towers.[46] The move was delayed once more until 1981, due to a legal dispute with an unnamed New York‑based station over transmitter interference.[47]
WKCR's Madison Avenue transmitter continued to deteriorate until it finally broke down on July 17, 1981. By then, the World Trade Center antenna had already been installed, though the station's FCC permit to finally move had recently expired while it was dealing with a hum which had interfered with broadcasts for the past three weeks.[48] The station began transmitting from the Twin Towers for the first time at 9:30 a.m. on July 20, though the broadcast was shut down after 45 minutes by the FCC, forcing WKCR to repair and continue to use its old antenna.[49] In July 1982, the FCC fined the station $8,000 for violations of federal equipment and licensing regulation, which were discovered during an allegedly routine and random inspection. The station was accused of failing to replace broken equipment, which had caused the station's frequency to creep up from 89.9 to 89.95 MHz. WKCR Manager Andy Caploe responded that the station could not have known whether there were any problems with the transmitter in the first place, because its testing equipment was also broken.[50]
The station finally made the move in April 1985, where it would continue broadcast from for the next sixteen years.[51]
From 1990 to 1998, WKCR broadcastThe Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show, hosted byDJ Stretch Armstrong andBobbito Garcia. The show served as an alternative to commercialhip hop radio, airing mostly obscure, unsigned artists, a number of whom would later dominate the hip hop scene in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The show has been credited with introducing the world toBiggie Smalls,Eminem,Jay-Z,Big L,Big Pun,Fat Joe,Wu Tang Clan,Mobb Deep, and theFugees, among others.[52][53][54]The Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show was voted the "best hip-hop show of all time" byThe Source in 1998.[55]
WKCR's transmitter was destroyed on September 11, 2001, whena hijacked plane destroyed the North Tower of the World Trade Center. For the next two years, the station broadcast from its backup transmitter atopCarman Hall. Its range was severely reduced, its signal barely reaching past a 20-mile radius until 2003, when the station was able to set up a new antenna at4 Times Square, where it remains today.[56]
WKCR was one of four FM radio stations that transmitted from the World Trade Center at the time of its destruction, the others beingWNYC-FM,WKTU, andWPAT-FM.[57] For three weeks beginning on September 17, WKCR loaned its new studio inLerner Hall to WNYC, which continued broadcasting overits AM adjunct but could not access its headquarters in theManhattan Municipal Building due to the attacks. WKCR had been planning on moving to Lerner Hall from its temporary studio inRiverside Church before the attacks.[58][59]
In 2011,The New York Times reported that it was considering a move back to theWorld Trade Center.[56]
The station was fined $10,000 in 2012 due to a lapse in its record-keeping from 2001 to 2006, which WKCR directors attributed to the turmoil at the station after the 9/11 attacks.[60] WKCR was one of several college radio stations which had been fined by the FCC in recent years, a practice that was criticized as punitive for its lack of distinction between commercial stations and those run by students, which are generally characterized by high turnover and lower budgets.[61] The FCC's policy towards college stations was relaxed in 2013.[62]
In April 2024, the station suspended its regular programming to cover thepro-Palestinian campus occupation.[63]
Jazz has been a staple of WKCR's programming since its very founding, in part due to its proximity toHarlem, wherebebop was developing during the 1940s. Its first broadcast as an official station with FCC approval began with "Swing is Here", a record withGene Krupa andRoy Eldridge.[64] After the 1968 protests at Columbia, the station started to heavily emphasize the genre, and has since hosted numerous prominent jazz musicians at its studio. By the 1990s, it had become one of the premier stations for jazz in the United States.[65] As of 2022[update], about 40% of WKCR's airtime is dedicated to jazz.[66]
In June or July 1941, within five months of its official debut, CURC aired the first radio performance by pianistThelonious Monk. Jerry Newman, a 23‑year‑old student, had begun frequenting and recording performances atMinton's Playhouse, where Monk was the house pianist, in 1940 after being introduced by bassist and vocalistDuke Groner.[67] The 23acetate disc recordings he made over 1941 constitute the earliest recordings ever made of Monk's playing.[68] The broadcast recording was made by Newman and several CURC members on one afternoon, with Newman and another student alternating asmaster of ceremonies. Four sets were recorded featuring Monk,Don Byas,Joe Guy,Kenny Clarke, andHelen Humes, and were rushed back to Columbia and played on CURC in the evening. The recordings were later released asMidnight at Minton's in 1973.[69] In a review,WEMU broadcaster Michael G. Nastos described the recordings as "priceless, the document of a transitional period from swing to bop".[70]
WKCR made the first stereo live broadcast of jazz music in 1960. The performance was byRed Allen's band, in whichJ. C. Higginbotham was the trombonist at the time, and was broadcast fromthe university sundial.[64]
Spearheading WKCR's post-1968 transition into a jazz-oriented radio station wasPhil Schaap, one of the foremost jazz experts of the late 20th century. He became a disc jockey at the station as a freshman in 1970, and continued to work therepro bono after his graduation until his death in 2021. He was most well known on the station forBird Flight, a show focusing onCharlie Parker that he started in 1981 and hosted every weekday for about forty years.The New Yorker describedBird Flight as "plac[ing] a degree of attention on the music of the bebop saxophonist Charlie Parker that is so obsessive, so ardent and detailed, that Schaap frequently sounds like a mad Talmudic scholar who has decided that the laws of humankind reside not in the ancient Babylonian tractates but in alternate takes of 'Moose the Mooche' and 'Swedish Schnapps.' " The redNaugahyde armchair for visitors in the WKCR studio is named the "Dizzy Gillespie chair", after the trumpeter sat there during an hours-long conversation with Schaap.[35]
Beginning in 1970, WKCR has held several jazz festivals a year, each one focusing on the presentation of the entirety of a single artist's recorded work, in addition to interviews and educational programming. Festival broadcasts generally last 150 hours or longer, and the longest festivals have included the 2000 Louis Armstrong Centennial Festival Part I, which lasted for 184 hours non-stop from June 30 to July 7, and the 1999 Duke Ellington Centennial Festival, which lasted for 240 hours from April 23 to May 1.[66] Musicians that have participated live in their own festivals includeOrnette Coleman (February 1975),Roy Eldridge (January 1978),Sonny Rollins (March 1978),Cecil Taylor (March 1979),Max Roach (March 1981),Steve Lacy (November 1981),Benny Carter (August 1982),Eddie Durham (Summer 1986),Sun Ra (April 1987), Dizzy Gillespie (May 1987),Art Blakey (November 1989),Lionel Hampton (May 1990), andDon Cherry (May 1992).[64] In one notable incident, during the March 1976 festival dedicated to Thelonious Monk, a guest expert was explaining how Monk was able to create extraordinary music by playing "wrong notes" on the piano. Monk, who by this point had become a recluse, called the station and instructed them to "tell the guy on the air, 'The piano ain't got no wrong notes' ", before hanging up.[71]
WKCR annually celebrates the birthdays of prominent jazz musicians, including Monk, Louis Armstrong, and Charlie Parker, by playing the entire catalogue of the artist's work in one broadcast.[72][73] The station also holds jazz marathons on prominent death anniversaries and other special occasions, such as the beginning of a concert series featuring theAssociation for the Advancement of Creative Musicians held at Columbia, which the station celebrated with a 90‑hour broadcast starting on May 14, 1977, of the completed recorded works of every member of the organization.[74]
Poet and criticMolly McQuade has praised WKCR's jazz programming, stating that "WKCR's inspired programming feels more like dream logic than traditional radio" and that she is "willingly indebted and harmlessly addicted" to several of the station's programs.[72]
WhenSputnik 1 was launched on October 4, 1957, WKCR staff recorded its signal during the satellite's first pass over the United States and became the first North American radio station to rebroadcast this signal. The next morning, twoFBI agents walked into the station and confiscated the tape.[75] AFreedom of Information Act request was filed on June 28, 2018, requesting the declassification of all documents related to the confiscation of the tapes and their whereabouts. The request was rejected on account of the records having been destroyed in 1975.[76]
WKCR was allegedlyhijacked mid-broadcast around 1995. The interruption reportedly began with eerie screeches and was followed by silence, then by a woman reciting obituaries, including those ofFrank Oppenheimer and several victims of the1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. The woman reading the names during the hijacking would occasionally be interrupted by the sound of a bell. After a couple of minutes, the station took control and came back on air as usual, saying that music will be running a little late but not giving a reason for it. A recording of the incident was uploaded to4chan in 2013.[77]
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