After directingFinding Nemo, Stanton felt Pixar had created believable simulations of underwater physics and was willing to direct a film set largely in space.WALL-E has minimal dialogue in its early sequences; many of the characters in the film do not have voices, but instead communicate withbody language and robotic sounds that were designed by Burtt. The film incorporates various topics includingconsumerism,corporatocracy,nostalgia,waste management,human environmental impact and concerns,obesity/sedentary lifestyles, andglobal catastrophic risk.[6] It is also Pixar's first animated film with segments featuring live-action characters.Thomas Newman composed the film's musical score. The film cost $180 million to produce, a record-breaking sum for an animated film at the time. Following Pixar tradition,WALL-E was paired with a short film titledPresto for its theatrical release.
In 2021,WALL-E became the second Pixar feature film (afterToy Story), as well as the second animated film in the 21st century afterShrek, to be selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registry by theLibrary of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[16] In September 2022, at the request of Stanton, Disney licensedWALL-E toThe Criterion Collection, which re-released the film as a special edition4K Blu-Ray-standardBlu-ray combo pack on November 22, 2022, marking the first Pixar film to ever receive such an honor.[17][18]
Plot
In the 29th century, Earth is a garbage-strewn wasteland due to anecocide caused by rampantconsumerism, corporate greed, and environmental neglect. Humanity was evacuated to space by themegacorporation Buy n Large on giant spaceships 700 years earlier, leaving trash-compacting "WALL-E" robots to clean up the planet. All but one of the robots have stopped functioning; the last remaining activeWALL-E has developed a personality. WALL-E remains active by salvaging parts from inactive robots, with his pet cockroach Hal as his only companion.
One day, WALL-E's routine of compressing trash and collecting interesting objects is broken by the arrival of a robot called EVE, which scans the planet for sustainable life. WALL-E is smitten by the sleek, futuristic robot, and the two begin to connect, until EVE goes into standby mode when WALL-E shows her his most recent find: a living seedling. EVE is collected by a largeunmanned rocket; with WALL-E clinging on, it returns to its mothership, the starlinerAxiom.
In the centuries since theAxiom left Earth, its passengers have degenerated into helpless obesity due tomicrogravity and laziness, with robots catering to their every whim. Captain B. McCrea sits back while his roboticAI autopilot helm, nicknamed AUTO, pilots the ship. McCrea is unprepared for the positive probe response, but discovers that placing the plant in the ship's Holo-Detector will trigger ahyperjump back to Earth so that humanity can begin recolonization. When McCrea inspects EVE's storage compartment, the plant is missing, and EVE blames WALL-E for its disappearance.
EVE is deemed faulty and taken to diagnostics. WALL-E intervenes and inadvertently releases the other faulty bots, causing him and EVE to be designated rogue robots. EVE tries sending WALL-E home in an escape pod, but the two witness McCrea's first mate robot, GO-4, stowing the plant in a pod set to self-destruct. WALL-E enters the pod to retrieve the plant just as it launches, and he and the plant survive the pod's destruction. EVE catches up to him and they reconcile, celebrating with a dance in space around theAxiom.
EVE brings the plant to McCrea, who watches her recordings of Earth, concluding that they must save it. AUTO reveals his secret no-return directiveA113, which orders them to not return to Earth on account of toxicity levels making Earth unlivable. When McCrea tries overriding the directive, AUTO electrocutes WALL-E, throws him and EVE down a garbage chute, and confines McCrea to his quarters. EVE and WALL-E are nearly ejected into space with theAxiom's garbage, but a cleaning robot named M-O inadvertently jams the airlock and rescues them.
As humans and robots help to secure the plant, McCrea and AUTO fight for control of theAxiom. AUTO crushes WALL-E using the Holo-Detector, but McCrea overpowers and deactivates AUTO. EVE inserts the plant into the Holo-Detector, initiating the hyperjump back to Earth. Arriving on Earth, EVE repairs WALL-E, but his memory and personality have been erased. Heartbroken, EVE gives WALL-E a "kiss", which releases a static electricity shock, restoring him. WALL-E and EVE reunite as theAxiom inhabitants take their first steps on Earth.
During the credits, humans and robots work to restore the ravaged planet, and the plant grows into a tree, beneath which WALL-E and EVE rest.
Cast
Voice cast
Ben Burtt asWALL-E (Waste Allocation Load Lifter: Earth-class),[19] a compactor robot who has achievedsentience, he is the only one still functioning on Earth. He is a small mobile compactor box accompanied by his cockroach friend Hal. He collects trinkets from the garbage and displays them at his home, where he watches avideo cassette of20th Century Fox'sHello, Dolly!, mimicking the dance sequences.
Burtt also voices M-O (Microbe-Obliterator), a cleaning robot.
Elissa Knight as EVE (Extraterrestrial Vegetation Evaluator),[19] a glossy white egg-shaped probe robot with blue LED eyes, whose directive is to verify the habitability of planets for humans. She moves usingantigravity and is equipped with scanners, specimen storage, and acannon which she is quick to use.
Jeff Garlin as Captain B. McCrea, the captain of theAxiom. (While McCrea's name was never spoken, it does appear on a portrait of him in his quarters. He is only ever referred to as the Captain.)
MacInTalk, the text-to-speech program for AppleMacintosh computers, is the voice of AUTO, theAxiom's villainousAI autopilot which handles command functions of the ship. Loyal only to directiveA113, he and GO-4 are the only computers not influenced by WALL-E.
John Ratzenberger andKathy Najimy as John and Mary, who live on theAxiom, so dependent on their automatic services as to be oblivious to their surroundings. They are brought out of their trances by encounters with WALL-E andfall in love with each other.
Sigourney Weaver as theAxiom's computer. Stanton joked to Weaver: "You realize you get to be 'Mother' now?"[20][21] referring to the ship's computer in the filmAlien, starring Weaver.[21]
Live-action cast
Fred Willard as Shelby Forthright, CEO of the Buy n Large Corporation and President of Earth. The only major live-action character, appearing only in videos recorded around the time of theAxiom's launch in the 22nd century. Forthright proposed the plan to evacuate Earth's population and then clean up the planet so they could return within five years. Discovering that Earth had become too toxic to support life, the cleanup and recolonization were abandoned. Forthright issued directiveA113 preventing anyone from returning to Earth. As of 2025[update], Forthright is the only live-action character with a speaking role in any Pixar film.
M-O just finishes cleaning the floor. Wally is fascinated. Impishly makes another mark. M-O compulsively cleans it. Can't resist.
M-O (bleeps): [Look, it stays clean. You got that?]
Wally wipes the bottom of his tread on M-O's face. M-O loses it. Scrubs his own face.
—Stanton wrote the screenplay to focus on the visuals and as a guide to what the sound effects needed to convey[22]
As depicted in the teaser trailer, Andrew Stanton conceivedWALL-E during a lunch with fellow writersJohn Lasseter,Pete Docter, andJoe Ranft in 1994.Toy Story was near completion and the writers brainstormed ideas for their next projects—A Bug's Life,Monsters, Inc., andFinding Nemo—at this lunch. Stanton asked, "What if mankind had to leave Earth and somebody forgot to turn off the last robot?"[20] Having struggled for many years with making the characters inToy Story appealing, Stanton found his simpleRobinson Crusoe-esque idea of a lonely robot on a deserted planet strong.[23][24] Stanton madeWALL-E awaste collector as the idea was instantly understandable, and because it was a low-status menial job that made him sympathetic.[25] Stanton also liked the imagery of stacked cubes of garbage.[26] He did not find the idea dark because having a planet covered in garbage was for him a childish imagining of disaster.[27]
Stanton and Docter developed the film under the title ofTrash Planet for two months in 1995, but they did not know how to develop the story and Docter chose to directMonsters, Inc. instead.[28][29] Stanton came up with the idea of WALL-E finding a plant, because his life as the sole inhabitant on a deserted world reminded Stanton of a plant growing among pavements.[30] Before they turned their attention to other projects, Stanton and Lasseter thought about having WALL-E fall in love, as it was the necessary progression away from loneliness.[27] Stanton started writingWALL-E again in 2002 while completingFinding Nemo.[31] Stanton formatted his script in a manner reminiscent ofDan O'Bannon'sAlien. O'Bannon wrote his script in a manner Stanton found reminded him ofhaiku, where visual descriptions were done in continuous lines of a few words. Stanton wrote his robot "dialogue" conventionally, but placed them in brackets.[24] In late 2003, Stanton and a few others created astory reel of the first twenty minutes of the film. Lasseter andSteve Jobs were impressed and officially began development,[32] though Jobs stated he did not like the title, originally spelled "W.A.L.-E."[33]
While the first act ofWALL-E "fell out of the sky" for Stanton,[27] he had originally wanted aliens to plant EVE to explore Earth and the rest of the film was different. When WALL-E comes to theAxiom, he incites aSpartacus-style rebellion by the robots against the remnants of the human race, which were cruel alien Gels (completely devolved, gelatinous, boneless, legless, see-through, green creatures that resembleJell-O). James Hicks, a physiologist, mentioned to Stanton the concept ofatrophy and the effects prolongedweightlessness would have on humans living in space for an inordinately extended time period.[20][34][35] Therefore, this was the inspiration of the humans degenerating into the alien Gels,[36] and their ancestry would have been revealed in aPlanet of the Apes-style ending.[37] The Gels also spoke a made-up gibberish language, but Stanton scrapped this idea because he thought it would be too complicated for the audience to understand and they could easily be driven off from the storyline.[38] The Gels had a royal family, who host a dance in a castle on a lake in the back of the ship, and theAxiom curled up into a ball when returning to Earth in this incarnation of the story.[38] Stanton decided this was too bizarre and unengaging, and conceived humanity as "big babies".[37] Stanton developed the metaphorical theme of the humans learning to stand again and "grow[ing] up",[37][39] wanting WALL-E and EVE's relationship to inspire humanity because he felt few films explore howutopian societies come to exist.[40] The process of depicting the descendants of humanity as the way they appear in the movie was slow. Stanton first decided to put a nose and ears on the Gels so the audience could recognize them. Eventually, fingers, legs, clothes, and other characteristics were added until they arrived at the concept of being fetus-like to allow the audience to see themselves in the characters.[38]
In a later version of the film, AUTO comes to the docking bay to retrieve EVE's plant. The film would have its first cutaway to the captain, but Stanton moved that as he found it too early to begin moving away from WALL-E's point-of-view. As an homage toGet Smart,[41] AUTO takes the plant and goes into the bowels of the ship into a room resembling a brain where he watches videos of Buy n Large's scheme to clean up the Earth falling apart through the years. Stanton removed this to keep some mystery as to why the plant is taken from EVE. The captain appears to be unintelligent, but Stanton wanted him to just be unchallenged; otherwise he would have not been sympathetic.[36] One example of how unintelligent the captain was depicted initially is that he was seen to wear his hat upside-down, only to fix it before he challenges AUTO. In the finished film, he merely wears it casually atop his head, tightening it when he really takes command of theAxiom.[38]
Stanton also moved the moment where WALL-E reveals his plant (which he had snatched from the self-destructing escape pod) from producing it from a closet to immediately after his escape, as it made EVE happier and gave them stronger motivation to dance around the ship. Originally, EVE would have been electrocuted by AUTO, and then be quickly saved from ejection at the hands of theWaste Allocation Load Lifter: Axiom-class (WALL-A) robots, by WALL-E. He would have then revived her by replacing her power unit with a cigarette lighter he brought from Earth. Stanton reversed this following a 2007 test screening, as he wanted to show EVE replacing her directive of bringing the plant to the captain with repairing WALL-E, and it made WALL-E even more heroic if he held the holo-detector open despite being badly hurt.[36] The idea of WALL-E losing his memory and personality came after the braintrust team abandoned a scene where EVE had been shot in her heart battery and WALL-E gave her his own battery instead.[42] Stanton felt half the audience at the screening believed the humans would be unable to cope with living on Earth and would have died out after the film's end.Jim Capobianco, director of theRatatouille short filmYour Friend the Rat, created an end credits animation that continued the story—and stylized in different artistic movements throughout history—to clarify an optimistic tone.[43]
Design
WALL-E was the most complex Pixar production sinceMonsters, Inc. because of the world and the history that had to be conveyed.[23] Whereas most Pixar films have up to 75,000storyboards,WALL-E required 125,000.[44]Production designerRalph Eggleston wanted the lighting of the first act on Earth to be romantic, and that of the second act on theAxiom to be cold and sterile. During the third act, the romantic lighting is slowly introduced into theAxiom environment.[20] Pixar studiedChernobyl and the city ofSofia to create the ruined world; art director Anthony Christov was fromBulgaria and recalled Sofia used to have problems storing its garbage.[45][46] Eggleston bleached out the whites on Earth to make WALL-E feel vulnerable. The overexposed light makes the location look more vast. Because of the haziness, the cubes making up the towers of garbage had to be large, otherwise they would have lost shape (in turn, this helped save rendering time). The dull tans of Earth subtly become soft pinks and blues when EVE arrives. When WALL-E shows EVE all his collected items, all the lights he has collected light up to give an inviting atmosphere, like aChristmas tree. Eggleston tried to avoid the colors yellow and green so WALL-E—who was made yellow to emulate a tractor—would not blend into the deserted Earth, and to make the plant more prominent.[47]
WALL-E finds a bra.Roger Deakins andDennis Muren were consulted on realistic lighting including backgrounds that are less focused than foregrounds.
Stanton also wanted the lighting to look realistic and evoke the science fiction films of his youth. He thought that Pixar captured the physics of being underwater withFinding Nemo and so forWALL-E, he wanted to push that for air. While rewatching some of his favorite science fiction films, he realized that Pixar's other movies had lacked the look of70 mm film and its barreldistortion,lens flare, andracking focus.[23] Producer Jim Morris invitedRoger Deakins andDennis Muren to advise on lighting and atmosphere. Muren spent several months with Pixar, while Deakins hosted one talk and was requested to stay on for another two weeks. Stanton said Muren's experience came from integrating computer animation into live-action settings, while Deakins helped them understand not to overly complicate their camerawork and lighting.[40] 1970sPanavision cameras were used to help the animators understand and replicate handheld imperfections like unfocused backgrounds in digital environments.[20] The first lighting test included building a three-dimensional replica of WALL-E, filming it with a 70 mm camera, and then trying to replicate that in the computer.[48] Stanton cited the shallow lens work ofGus Van Sant's films as an influence, as it created intimacy in each close-up. Stanton chose angles for the virtual cameras that a live-action filmmaker would choose if filming on a set.[27]
Stanton wanted theAxiom's interior to resemble Shanghai andDubai.[23] Eggleston studied 1960s NASA paintings and the original concept art forTomorrowland for theAxiom, to reflect that era's sense of optimism.[20] Stanton remarked "We are all probably very similar in our backgrounds here [at Pixar] in that we all miss the Tomorrowland that was promised us from the heyday ofDisneyland," and wanted a "jet pack" feel.[23] Pixar also studied theDisney Cruise Line and visitedLas Vegas, which was helpful in understanding artificial lighting.[20] Eggleston based hisAxiom designs on the futuristic architecture ofSantiago Calatrava. Eggleston divided the inside of the ship into three sections; the rear's economy class has a basic gray concrete texture with graphics keeping to the red, blue, and white of the BnL logo. The coach class with living/shopping spaces has "S" shapes as people are always looking for "what's around the corner". Stanton intended to have many colorful signs, but he realized this would overwhelm the audience and went with Eggleston's original idea of a small number of larger signs. The premier class is a largeZen-like spa with colors limited to turquoise, cream, and tan, and leads on to the captain's warm carpeted and wooded quarters and the sleek dark bridge.[47] In keeping with the artificialAxiom, camera movements were modeled after those of thesteadicam.[49]
The use of live action was a stepping stone for Pixar, as Stanton was planning to makeJohn Carter of Mars his next project.[23] Storyboarder Derek Thompson noted introducing live action meant that they would make the rest of the film look even more realistic.[50] Eggleston added that if the historical humans had been animated and slightly caricaturized, the audience then would not have been able to recognize how serious their devolution was.[47] Stanton castFred Willard as the historical Buy n Large CEO because "[h]e's the most friendly and insincere car salesman I could think of."[37] The CEO says "stay the course", which Stanton used because he thought it was funny and a "natural thing to say at the time".[51]Industrial Light & Magic did the visual effects for these shots.[20]
Animation
WALL-E went undeveloped during the 1990s partly because Stanton and Pixar were not confident enough yet to have a feature-length film with a main character that behaved likeLuxo Jr., thePixar lamp orR2-D2.[24] Stanton explained there are two types of robots in cinema: "human[s] with metal skin", like theTin Man, or "machine[s] with function" like Luxo and R2. He found the latter idea "powerful" because it allowed the audience to project personalities onto the characters, as they do with babies and pets: "You're compelled … you almost can't stop yourself from finishing the sentence 'Oh, I think it likes me! I think it's hungry! I think it wants to go for a walk!'"[52] He added, "We wanted the audience to believe they were witnessing a machine that has come to life."[20] The animators visited recycling stations to study machinery, and also met robot designers, visitedNASA'sJet Propulsion Laboratory to study robots, watched a recording of aMars rover,[31] and borrowed abomb detecting robot from theSan Francisco Police Department. Simplicity was preferred in their performances as giving them too many movements would make them feel human.[20]
Stanton wanted WALL-E to be a box and EVE to be like an egg.[53] WALL-E's eyes were inspired by a pair ofbinoculars Stanton was given when watching theOakland Athletics play against theBoston Red Sox. He "missed the entire inning" because he was distracted by them.[54] The director was reminded ofBuster Keaton and decided the robot would not need a nose or mouth.[55] Stanton added azoom lens to make WALL-E more sympathetic.[55]Ralph Eggleston noted this feature gave the animators more to work with and gave the robot a childlike quality.[47] Pixar's studies of trashcompactors during their visits to recycling stations inspired his body.[20] His tank treads were inspired by a wheelchair someone had developed that used treads instead of wheels.[53] The animators wanted him to have elbows, but realized this was unrealistic because he is only designed to pull garbage into his body.[20] His arms also looked flimsy when they did a test of him waving.[53] Animation director Angus MacLane suggested they attach his arms to a track on the sides of his body to move them around, based on theinkjet printers his father designed. This arm design contributed to creating the character's posture, so if they wanted him to be nervous, they would lower them.[56] Stanton was unaware of the similarities between WALL-E and Johnny 5 fromShort Circuit until others pointed it out to him.[24]
Stanton wanted EVE to be at the higher end of technology, and askediPod designerJonathan Ive to inspect her design. He was very impressed.[23] Her eyes are modelled onLite-Brite toys,[55] but Pixar chose not to make them overly expressive as it would be too easy to have her eyes turn into hearts to express love or something similar.[53] Her limited design meant the animators had to treat her like a drawing, relying on posing her body to express emotion.[20] They also found her similar to amanatee or anarwhal because her floating body resembled an underwater creature.[53] Auto was a conscious homage toHAL 9000 from2001: A Space Odyssey,[24] and the usage ofThe Blue Danube when Captain McCrea observes his daily tasks, alsoAlso sprach Zarathustra for the showdown between Captain McCrea and Auto furthers that.[57] The manner in which he hangs from a wall or ceiling gives him a threatening feel, like a spider.[58] Originally, Auto was designed entirely differently, resembling EVE, but masculine and authoritative and SECUR-T was also a more aggressive patrol steward robot.[36] The majority of the robot cast were formed with the Build-a-bot program, where different heads, arms and treads were combined in over a hundred variations.[20] The humans were modelled on sea lions due to theirblubbery bodies,[47] as well as babies. The filmmakers noticed baby fat is a lot tighter than adult fat and copied that texture for the film's humans.[59]
To animate their robots, the film's story crew and animation crew watched a Keaton and aCharlie Chaplin film every day for almost a year, and occasionally aHarold Lloyd picture.[24] Afterwards, the filmmakers knew all emotions could be conveyed silently. Stanton cited Keaton's "great stone face" as giving them perseverance in animating a character with an unchanging expression.[55] As he rewatched these, Stanton felt that filmmakers—since the advent of sound—relied on dialogue too much to convey exposition.[24] The filmmakers dubbed the cockroach WALL-E keeps as a pet "Hal", in reference to silent film producerHal Roach (as well as being an additional reference to HAL 9000).[20] They also watched2001: A Space Odyssey,The Black Stallion andNever Cry Wolf, films that had sound but were not reliant on dialogue.[50] Stanton acknowledgedSilent Running as an influence because its silent robots were a forerunner to the likes of R2-D2,[40] and that the "hopeless romantic"Woody Allen also inspired WALL-E.[28]
Sound
Producer Jim Morris recommendedBen Burtt assound designer forWALL-E because Stanton kept usingR2-D2 as the benchmark for the robots.[41] Burtt had completedStar Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and told his wife he would no longer work on films with robots, but foundWALL-E and its substitution of voices with sound "fresh and exciting".[20] He recorded 2,500 sounds for the film, which was twice the average number for aStar Wars film,[31] and a record in his career.[20] Burtt began work in 2005,[60] and experimented with filtering his voice for two years.[61] Burtt described the robot voices as "like atoddler …universal language ofintonation. 'Oh', 'Hm?', 'Huh!', you know?"[62]
During production Burtt had the opportunity to look at the items used byJimmy MacDonald, Disney's in-house sound designer for many of their classic films. Burtt used many of MacDonald's items onWALL-E. Because Burtt was not simply adding sound effects in post-production, the animators were always evaluating his new creations and ideas, which Burtt found an unusual experience.[63] He worked in sync with the animators, returning their animation after adding the sounds to give them more ideas.[20] Burtt would choose scientifically accurate sounds for each character, but if he could not find one that worked, he would choose a dramatic and unrealistic noise.[63] Burtt would find hundreds of sounds by looking at concept art of characters, before he and Stanton pared it down to a distinct few for each robot.[23]
Burtt saw a hand-cranked electrical generator while watchingIsland in the Sky, and bought an identical, unpacked device from 1950 oneBay to use for WALL-E moving around.[64] Burtt also used anautomobile self-starter for when WALL-E goes fast,[63] and the sound of cars being wrecked at ademolition derby provided for WALL-E's compressing trash in his body.[65] TheMacintosh computerchime was used to signify when WALL-E has fully recharged his battery. For EVE, Burtt wanted her humming to have a musical quality.[63] Burtt was only able to provide neutral or masculine voices, so Pixar employee Elissa Knight was asked to provide her voice for Burtt to electronically modify. Stanton deemed the sound effect good enough to properly cast her in the role.[51] Burtt recorded a flying 10-foot-long (3.0 m) radio-controlled jet plane for EVE's flying,[20] and for her plasma cannon, Burtt hit aslinky hung from a ladder with atimpani stick. He described it as a "cousin" to theblaster noise fromStar Wars.[66]
MacInTalk was used because Stanton "wanted Auto to be the epitome of a robot, cold, zeros & ones, calculating, and soulless [and]Stephen Hawking's kind of voice I thought was perfect."[40] Additional sounds for the character were meant to give him a clockwork feel, to show he is always thinking and calculating.[63]
Burtt had visitedNiagara Falls in 1987 and used his recordings from his trip for the sounds of wind,[65] and ran around a hall with acanvas bag up to record the sandstorm.[20] For the scene where WALL-E flees from falling shopping carts, Burtt and his daughter went to a supermarket and placed a recorder in their cart. They crashed it around the parking lot and then let it tumble down a hill.[67] To create Hal (WALL-E's pet cockroach)'s skittering, he recorded the clicking caused by taking apart and reassemblinghandcuffs.[20]
Thomas Newman recollaborated with Stanton onWALL-E since the two got along well onFinding Nemo, which gave Newman the Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Feature. He began writing the score in 2005, in the hope that starting this task early would make him more involved with the finished film. But, Newman remarked that animation is so dependent on scheduling he should have begun work earlier on when Stanton and Reardon were writing the script. EVE's theme was arranged for the first time in October 2007. Her theme when played as she first flies around Earth originally used more orchestral elements, and Newman was encouraged to make it sound more feminine.[68] Newman said Stanton had thought up many ideas for how he wanted the music to sound, and he generally followed them as he found scoring a partially silent film difficult. Stanton wanted the whole score to be orchestral, but Newman felt limited by this idea especially in scenes aboard theAxiom, and used electronics too.[69]
A live-action clip from theHello, Dolly! song "It Only Takes a Moment" inspires WALL-E to hold hands with EVE
Stanton originally wanted to juxtapose the opening shots of space with 1930s Frenchswing music, but changed his mind after seeingThe Triplets of Belleville (2003), not wanting to appear as if he were copying it.[70] Stanton then thought about the song "Put On Your Sunday Clothes" fromHello, Dolly!, since he had portrayed the sidekick Barnaby Tucker in a 1980 high school production.[71] Stanton found that the song was about two naive young men looking for love, which was similar to WALL-E's own hope for companionship.Jim Reardon, storyboard supervisor for the film, suggested WALL-E find the film on video, and Stanton included "It Only Takes a Moment" and the clip of the actors holding hands, because he wanted a visual way to show how WALL-E understands love and conveys it to EVE.Hello, Dolly! composerJerry Herman allowed the songs to be used without knowing what for; when he saw the film, he found their incorporation into the story "genius".[70] Coincidentally, Newman's uncleLionel worked onHello, Dolly![20]
Newman travelled to London to compose the end credits song "Down to Earth" withPeter Gabriel, who was one of Stanton's favorite musicians. Afterwards, Newman rescored some of the film to include the song's composition, so it would not sound intrusive when played.[20]Louis Armstrong's rendition of "La Vie en rose" was used for a montage where WALL-E attempts to impress EVE on Earth. The script also specified usingBing Crosby's "Stardust" for when the two robots dance around theAxiom,[22] but Newman asked if he could score the scene himself. A similar switch occurred for the sequence in which WALL-E attempts to wake EVE up through various means; originally, the montage would play with the instrumental version of "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", but Newman wanted to challenge himself and scored an original piece for the sequence.[72]
Themes
The film is recognized as asocial criticism. Katherine Ellison asserts that "Americans produce nearly 400 million tons ofsolid waste per year but recycle less than a third of it, according to a recent Columbia University study."Landfills were filling up very rapidly worldwide, and predictions were made that the UK could run out of landfill space by 2017.[73]
In the DVD commentary, Stanton said that he has been asked if it was his intention to make a movie about consumerism. His answer was it was not; it was a way to answer the question of how would the Earth get to the state where one robot would be left to continue the cleanup by itself. Nevertheless, some critics have noted an incongruity between the perceived pro-environmental and anti-consumerist messaging of the film, and the environmental impacts in the production and merchandising of the film.[74]
In "WALL-E: from environmental adaption to sentimentalnostalgia," Robin Murray and Joseph Heumann explain the important theme of nostalgia in this film. Nostalgia is clearly represented by human artifacts, left behind, that WALL-E collects and cherishes, for exampleZippo lighters, hubcaps, and plastic sporks. These modern items that are used out of necessity are made sentimental through the lens of the bleak future of Earth. Nostalgia is also expressed through the musical score, as the film opens with a camera shot of outer space that slowly zooms into a waste filled Earth while playing "Put on Your Sunday Clothes", reflecting on simpler and happier times in human history. This film also expresses nostalgia through the longing of nature and the natural world, as it is the sight and feeling of soil, and the plant brought back to the space ship by EVE, that make the captain decide it is time for humans to move back to Earth. WALL-E expresses nostalgia also, by reflecting on romantic themes of older Disney and silent films.[6]
Stanton describes the theme of the film as "irrational love defeats life's programming":[37]
I realized the point I was trying to push with these two programmed robots was the desire for them to try and figure out what the point of living was … It took these really irrational acts of love to sort of discover them against how they were built … I realized that that's a perfect metaphor for real life. We all fall into our habits, our routines and our ruts, consciously or unconsciously to avoid living. To avoid having to do the messy part. To avoid having relationships with other people or dealing with the person next to us. That's why we can all get on our cell phones and not have to deal with one another. I thought, 'That's a perfect amplification of the whole point of the movie.' I wanted to run with science in a way that would sort of logically project that.[37]
Technology
Stanton noted many commentators placed emphasis on the environmental aspect of humanity's complacency in the film, because "that disconnection is going to be the cause, indirectly, of anything that happens in life that's bad for humanity or the planet".[75] Stanton said that by taking away effort to work, the robots also take away humanity's need to put effort into relationships.[58]
Christian journalistRod Dreher saw technology as the complicated villain of the film. The humans' artificial lifestyle on theAxiom has separated them from nature, making them "slaves of both technology and their own base appetites, and have lost what makes them human". Dreher contrasted the hardworking, dirt covered WALL-E with the sleek clean robots on the ship. However, it is the humans and not the robots who make themselves redundant. Humans on the ship and on Earth have overused robots and the ultra-modern technology. During the end credits, humans and robots are shown working alongside each other to renew the Earth. "WALL-E is not aLuddite film," he said. "It doesn't demonize technology. It only argues that technology is properly used to help humans cultivate their true nature—that it must be subordinate to human flourishing, and help move that along."[76]
Religion
TheAxiom and EVE have been compared to the legend ofNoah's Ark and the dove thatNoah sets forth from the Ark.
Stanton, who is aChristian,[25] named EVE afterthe Biblical figure because WALL-E's loneliness reminded him ofAdam, before God created his wife.[77] Dreher noted EVE's biblical namesake and saw her directive as an inversion of that story; EVE uses the plant to tell humanity to return to Earth and move away from the "false god" of BnL and the lazy lifestyle it offers. In cohesion with the classical Christian viewpoint, WALL-E shows that work is what makes humans human. Whereas other sources would say that laziness and pleasure is paradise, WALL-E tries to show that that is not true. Dreher emphasized the false god parallels to BnL in a scene where a robot teaches infants "B is for Buy n Large, your very best friend", which he compared to modern corporations such asMcDonald's creatingbrand loyalty in children.[76] Megan Basham ofWorld magazine felt the film criticizes the pursuit of leisure, whereas WALL-E in hisstewardship learns to truly appreciate God's creation.[25]
During writing, a Pixar employee noted toJim Reardon that EVE was reminiscent of thedove with theolive branch from the story ofNoah's Ark, and the story was reworked with EVE finding a plant to return humanity from its voyage.[78] WALL-E himself has been compared toPrometheus,[41]Sisyphus,[76] andButades: in an essay discussing WALL-E as representative of the artistic strive of Pixar itself,Hrag Vartanian compared WALL-E to Butades in a scene where the robot expresses his love for EVE by making a sculpture of her from spare parts. "TheAncient Greek tradition associates the birth of art with aCorinthian maiden who longing to preserve her lover's shadow traces it on the wall before he departed for war. The myth reminds us that art was born out of longing and often means more for the creator than the muse. In the same way Stanton and his Pixar team have told us a deeply personal story about their love of cinema and their vision for animation through the prism of all types of relationships."[79]
Release
WALL-E premiered at theGreek Theatre in Los Angeles on June 23, 2008.[80] Continuing a Pixar tradition, the film was paired with ashort film for its theatrical release,Presto. The film is dedicated toJustin Wright (1981–2008), a Pixar animator who had worked onRatatouille and died of a heart attack beforeWALL-E's release.[20] However,WALL-E is the first Pixar film to stop using the 1995 Pixar exclusiveWalt Disney Pictures logo customized for the studio sinceToy Story (1995).
Walt Disney Imagineering (WDI) built animatronic WALL-Es to promote the picture, which made appearances atDisneyland Resort,[81] theFranklin Institute, theMiami Science Museum, theSeattle Center, and theTokyo International Film Festival.[82] Due to safety concerns, the 318 kg robots were always strictly controlled and WDI always needed to know exactly what they were required to interact with. For this reason, they generally refused to have their puppets meet and greet children at the theme parks in case a WALL-E trod on a child's foot. Those who wanted to take a photograph with the character had to make do with a cardboard cutout.[83]
The film was denied a theatrical release inChina.[84]
In 2016, Jim Morris noted that the studio has no plans for a sequel, as they considerWALL-E a finished story with no need for continuation.[85]
To promote the film, a website was created for Buy n Large, the featuring megacorporation. This website had fake press releases beginning in 2057, including "Wisconsin Mall Granted City Status," "BnL Announces Police Select." These fictional reports also quotes "analyst Richard Greenberg," whichMultichannel News said sounds like Richard Greenfield who has analysed Disney. Greenfield said that "I would be sincerely flattered if there is a connection between anything Pixar creates and our research work."[86]
Merchandise
Small quantities of merchandise were sold forWALL-E, asCars items were still popular, and many manufacturers were more interested inSpeed Racer, which was a successful product line despite the film's failure at the box office. Thinkway, which created theWALL-E toys, had previously madeToy Story dolls when other toy producers had not shown an interest.[82] Among Thinkway's items were a WALL-E that danced when connected to a music player, a toy that could be taken apart and reassembled, and a groundbreaking remote control toy of him and EVE that had motion sensors that allowed them to interact with players.[87] There were even plushies.[88] The "Ultimate WALL·E" figures were not in stores until the film's home release in November 2008,[82] at a retail price of almost $200, leadingThe Patriot-News to deem it an item for "hard-core fans and collectors only".[87] On February 4, 2015,Lego announced that a WALL-E custom built by lead animatorAngus MacLane was the latest design approved for mass production and release as part ofLego Ideas.[89]
Manga
A manga adaptation of the film was written by Shiro Shirai and was originally released on December 15, 2008 in Japan to tie in to the film's Japanese release and later on April 10, 2018 in the US.[90][91][92]
Video game
Aplatformvideo game basedon the movie, published byTHQ and developed byHeavy Iron Studios for thePlayStation 3,Xbox 360,Wii version,Asobo Studio for thePlayStation 2 andPC version,Savage Entertainment for thePlayStation Portable version as well as aNintendo DS game developed byHelixe.[93] The PlayStation 3, Wii and Xbox 360 versions feature nine explorable levels. The Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable versions feature twenty-four levels, and the Nintendo DS features fourteen explorable worlds. The Wii is the only version of the game that features 3 head-to-head multiplayer modes,[94] while the Nintendo DS version features co-op modes playable as WALL-E orEVE. As the player plays through the levels of the Nintendo DS version, they unlock clips from the movie viewable at any time. The Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable versions allow the player to use music to summon reject bots throughout the game. The story mode is based on an earlier version of the film with some creative liberties also taken, as the character's roles are different from the movie. GO-4 survives and tries to steal the plant when the Axiom lands on Earth, EVE is tasered by AUTO, WALL-E repairing EVE (EVE tries to repair WALL-E in the original) and WALL-E survives from getting crushed by the Holo-Detector. The reversal of EVE and WALL-E being damaged was actually intended to occur in the movie, but was later changed.[95]
Home media
The film was released onBlu-ray Disc andDVD byWalt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18, 2008. Various editions include the short filmPresto, another short filmBURN-E, theLeslie Iwerks documentary filmThe Pixar Story, shorts about the history of Buy n Large, behind-the-scenes special features, and adigital copy of the film that can be played throughiTunes orWindows Media Player-compatible devices.[96] This release sold 9,042,054 DVD units ($142,633,974) in total becoming the second-best-selling animated DVD among those released in 2008 in units sold (behindKung Fu Panda), the best-selling animated feature in sales revenue, and the third-best-selling among all 2008 DVDs.[97]
At the request of Stanton, Disney licensedWALL-E toThe Criterion Collection in September 2022, which created a special4K Blu-ray-Blu-ray combo edition of the film that was released on November 22, 2022, featuring the same 4K digital master used for Disney's original 4K Blu-ray release, but now presented inDolby Vision andHDR10+ as approved by Stanton, along with additional special features. This makes it both the first Pixar and Walt Disney Pictures feature films released under the Criterion label.[99] In its description for the release, Criterion viewed the film as an important work of both the animation medium and of cinema itself, saying that while "Transporting us simultaneously back to cinema’s silent origins and light-years into the future,WALL-E is a soaring ode to the power of love and art to heal a dying world."[100][101][99]
Reception
Box office
WALL-E grossed $223.8 million in the United States and Canada and $308.7 million overseas, for a worldwide total of $532.5 million,[3] making it the ninth-highest-grossing film of 2008.[102]
In the US and Canada,WALL-E opened in 3,992 theaters on June 27, 2008.[103] The film grossed $23.1 million on its opening day, the highest of all nine Pixar titles to date.[104] During its opening weekend, it topped the box office with $63,087,526.[103] This was the third-best opening weekend for a Pixar film afterFinding Nemo andThe Incredibles, and the second-best opening weekend among films released in June, behindHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.[104] The film grossed $38 million the following weekend, losing its first place toHancock.[105]WALL-E crossed the $200 million mark by August 3, during its sixth weekend.[106]
WALL-E grossed over $10 million in Japan ($44,005,222), UK, Ireland andMalta ($41,215,600), France and theMaghreb region ($27,984,103), Germany ($24,130,400),Mexico ($17,679,805), Spain ($14,973,097), Australia ($14,165,390), Italy ($12,210,993), and Russia and theCIS ($11,694,482).[107]
WALL-E proves to this generation and beyond that the film medium's only true boundaries are the human imagination. Writer/director Andrew Stanton and his team have created a classic screen character from a metal trash compactor who rides to the rescue of a planet buried in the debris that embodies the broken promise of American life. Not since Chaplin's "Little Tramp" has so much story—so much emotion—been conveyed without words. When hope arrives in the form of a seedling, the film blossoms into one of the great screen romances as two robots remind audiences of the beating heart in all of us that yearns for humanity—and love—in the darkest of landscapes.
On thereview aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes, 95% of 262 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Wall-E's stellar visuals testify once again to Pixar's ingenuity, while its charming star will captivate younger viewers—and its timely story offers thought-provoking subtext."[109] AtMetacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has anaverage score of 95 out of 100 based on 39 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[110] Audiences polled byCinemaScore gave the film an average rating of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[111]
IndieWire namedWALL-E the third-best film of the year based on their annual survey of 100 film critics, while Movie City News shows thatWALL-E appeared in 162 different top 10 lists, out of 286 different critics lists surveyed, the most mentions on a top 10 list of any film released in 2008.[112]
Todd McCarthy ofVariety called the film "Pixar's ninth consecutive wonder", saying it was imaginative yet straightforward. He said it pushed the boundaries of animation by balancing esoteric ideas with more immediately accessible ones, and that the main difference between the film and other science fiction projects rooted in anapocalypse was its optimism.[116] Kirk Honeycutt ofThe Hollywood Reporter declared thatWALL-E surpassed the achievements of Pixar's previous eight features and probably their most original film to date. He said it had the "heart, soul, spirit and romance" of the bestsilent films. Honeycutt said the film's definitive stroke of brilliance was in using a mix of archive film footage and computer graphics to trigger WALL-E's romantic leanings. He praised Burtt's sound design, saying "If there is such a thing as an aural sleight of hand, this is it."[117]
Roger Ebert of theChicago Sun-Times namedWALL-E "an enthralling animated film, a visual wonderment, and a decent science-fiction story" and said the scarcity of dialogue would allow it to "cross language barriers" in a manner appropriate to the global theme, and noted it would appeal to adults and children. He praised the animation, describing the color palette as "bright and cheerful … and a little bit realistic", and that Pixar managed to generate a "curious" regard for the WALL-E, comparing his "rusty and hard-working and plucky" design favorably to more obvious attempts at creating "lovable" lead characters. He saidWALL-E was concerned with ideas rather than spectacle, saying it would trigger stimulating "little thoughts for the younger viewers."[118] He named it as one of his twenty favorite films of 2008 and argued it was "the best science-fiction movie in years".[119]
The film was interpreted as tackling a topical,ecologically-minded agenda,[109] though McCarthy said it did so with a lightness of touch that granted the viewer the ability to accept or ignore the message.[116]Kyle Smith of theNew York Post, wrote that by depicting future humans as "a flabby mass of peabrained idiots who are literally too fat to walk",WALL-E was darker and more cynical than any major Disney feature film he could recall. He compared the humans to the patrons ofDisney's theme parks and resorts, adding, "I'm also not sure I've ever seen a major corporation spend so much money to issue an insult to its customers."[120] Maura Judkis ofU.S. News & World Report questioned whether this depiction of "frighteningly obese humans" would resonate with children and make them prefer to "play outside rather than in front of the computer, to avoid a similar fate".[121]
A few notable critics have argued that the film is vastly overrated,[122] claiming it failed to "live up to such blinding, high-wattage enthusiasm",[123] and that there were "chasms of boredom watching it", in particular "the second and third acts spiraled into the expected".[124] Other labels included "preachy"[122] and "too long".[123] Child reviews sent intoCBBC were mixed, some citing boredom and an inadequate storyline.[125]
Severalconservative commentators criticized the film.Shannen W. Coffin ofNational Review said thatWALL-E is "leftist propaganda about the evils of mankind".Greg Pollowitz ofNational Review called the film "a 90-minute lecture on the dangers of over consumption, big corporations, and the destruction of the environment".Jonah Goldberg said that while the film was "fascinating and at-times brilliant", he added that it is also "Malthusian fear mongering".Glenn Beck said that "I can't wait to teach my kids how we've destroyed the Earth … Pixar is teaching. I can't wait. You know if your kid has ever come home and said, 'Dad, how come we use so muchstyrofoam,' oh, this is the movie for you."[126][127]
Patrick J. Ford ofThe American Conservative saidWALL-E's conservative critics missed lessons in the film that he felt appealed totraditional conservatism. He argued that the massconsumerism in the film was not shown to be a product ofbig business, but of too close a tie between big business andbig government: "The government unilaterally provided its citizens with everything they needed, and this lack of variety led to Earth's downfall." Responding to Coffin's claim that the film points out the evils of mankind, Ford argued the only evils depicted were those that resulted from losing touch with our own humanity and that fundamental conservative representations such as the farm, the nuclear family unit, and "wholesome entertainment" were seen as "beautiful and desirable." by the human characters. He concluded, "By steering conservative families away fromWALL-E, these commentators are doing their readers a great disservice."[128]
DirectorTerry Gilliam praised the film as "A stunning bit of work. The scenes on what was left of planet Earth are just so beautiful: one of the great silent movies. And the most stunning artwork! It says more about ecology and society than any live-action film—all the people on their loungers floating around, brilliant stuff. Their social comment was so smart and right on the button."[129]
Archaeologists have commented on the themes of human evolution that the film explores.[130] Ben Marwick has written how the character of WALL-E resembles an archaeologist with his methodical collection and classification of quotidian human artefacts. He is shown facing a typological dilemma of classifying aspork as either a fork or spoon, and his nostalgic interest in the human past further demonstrated by his attachment to repeated viewings of the 1969 filmHello, Dolly!. Marwick notes that the film features major human evolutionary transitions such as obligate bipedalism (captain of the spaceship struggles with the autopilot to gain control of the vessel) and the invention of agriculture, as part of watershed moments in the story of the film. According to Marwick, one prominent message of the film "appears to be that the envelopment by technology that the humans inWALL-E experience paradoxically results in physical and cultural devolution." Scholars such asIan Tattersall andSteve Jones have similarly discussed scenarios where elements of modern technology (such as medicine) may have causedhuman evolution to slow or stop.
In 2021, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registry by theLibrary of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[16]
WALL-E won theAcademy Award for Best Animated Feature and was nominated forBest Original Screenplay,Best Original Score,Best Original Song,Sound Editing, andSound Mixing at the81st Academy Awards.[131][132] Walt Disney Pictures also pushed for anAcademy Award for Best Picture nomination,[133] but it was not nominated, sparking controversy over whether the Academy deliberately restrictedWALL-E to the Best Animated Feature category.[134] Film criticPeter Travers remarked, "If there was ever a time where [sic] an animated feature deserved to be nominated for best picture it'sWall-E."[135] 1991'sBeauty and the Beast was the first and only animated film nominated for Best Picture at the time.[136] A reflective Stanton stated he was not disappointed the film was restricted to the Best Animated Film nomination because he was overwhelmed by the film's positive reception, and eventually "The line [between live-action and animation] is just getting so blurry that I think with each proceeding year, it's going to be tougher and tougher to say what's an animated movie and what's not an animated movie."[30]
At the BritishNational Movie Awards, which is voted for by the public, it won Best Family Film.[154] It was also voted Best Feature Film at theBritish Academy Children's Awards.[155] WALL-E was listed at No. 63 onEmpire's online poll of the 100 greatest movie characters, conducted in 2008.[156] In early 2010,Time rankedWALL-E No. 1 in "Best Movies of the Decade".[157] InSight & Sound magazine's 2012 poll of the greatest films of all time,WALL-E is the second-highest-ranking animated film behindMy Neighbor Totoro (1988), while tying with the filmSpirited Away (2001) at 202nd overall.[158] In a 2016BBC poll of international critics, it was voted the 29th-greatest film since 2000.[159] In June 2025, actorsAlden Ehrenreich,David Krumholtz andNathan Lane, and comediansPaula Poundstone andPhoebe Robinson, all cited the film as among their favorites of the 21st century.[160] It also ranked number 34 onThe New York Times' list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century" and number 44 on the "Readers' Choice" edition of the list.[161][162] In July 2025, it ranked number 47 onRolling Stone's list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century."[163]
Robotic recreations
In 2012, Mike McMaster,[164] an American robotics hobbyist, began working on his own model ofWALL-E. The final product was built with more moving parts than the WALL-E which roams aroundDisneyland. McMaster's four-foot robot made an appearance at theWalt Disney Family Museum and was featured during the opening week of Tested.com[165] a project headed up byJamie Hyneman andAdam Savage ofMythBusters. Since WALL-E's creation, Mike and the popular robot have made dozens of appearances at various events.[166]
In the same year, Mike Senna completed his own WALL-E build.[167] He also created an EVE. They were present at a photo op at Disney's D23 Expo 2015.[168]
^abcd"Andrew Stanton: Wall-E Q&A"(QuickTime audio).Creative Screenwriting. December 16, 2008.Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. RetrievedJanuary 4, 2009.
^abJames White (April 2008). "How We Made WALL-E".Total Film. pp. 113–116.
^Suellentrop, Chris (June 30, 2008)."Another Brick in the 'WALL-E'".The New York Times Opinionator.Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. RetrievedAugust 7, 2023.
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