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TheVoyager Mars Program was a planned series of uncrewedNASA probes to theplanetMars. The missions were planned, as part of theApollo Applications Program, between 1966 and 1968 and were scheduled for launch in 1974–75.[1] The probes were conceived as precursors for a crewed Mars landing in the 1980s.[2]
Originally, NASA had proposed a direct lander using a variant of theApollo Command Module launched atop of aSaturn IB rocket with aCentaur upper stage. With the discovery byMariner 4 in 1965 that Mars had only a tenuous atmosphere, the mission was changed to have both an orbiter and lander. This required the use of aSaturn V to launch two probes at once. The orbiter would have been a modified Mariner probe identical to that employed forMariner 8 andMariner 9, while the landers would have beenSurveyor moon probes modified with the use of aeroshells and a combination parachute/retrorocket landing systems.[3]
Funding for the program, like that of the entireAAP, was cut in 1968 and the mission itself was cancelled entirely in 1971, mainly on the grounds that launching both probes on a single rocket was both risky and expensive. Voyager was the first major space science project to be cancelled by the U.S. Congress.
Despite the cancellation, the planning and development of the Voyager Mars program was eventually carried out by NASA'sViking program in the mid-1970s. Cheaper and simpler than the Voyager Mars program (using the same Mariner 8/9 design for the orbiter, but with an automobile-sized lander with a very expensive microbiology lab), theViking 1 andViking 2 probes were launched to Mars on separateTitan IIIE/Centaur rockets in 1975 and reached Mars in 1976.
After the cancellation, the "Voyager" name was recycled for theMariner 11 andMariner 12 probes to the outer planets, with the latter probe,Voyager 2 (Mariner 12), completing another ambitious post-Apollo project, the "Grand Tour". The Saturn V had also been planned at one point as the launch vehicle for an upscaled probe for this mission.[4]
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