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Voiceless uvular plosive

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨q⟩ in IPA
Voiceless uvular plosive
q
IPA number111
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)q
Unicode(hex)U+0071
X-SAMPAq
Braille⠟ (braille pattern dots-12345)
Image

Avoiceless uvular plosive orstop is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespokenlanguages. It is pronounced like avoiceless velar plosive[k], except that the tongue makes contact not on thesoft palate but on theuvula. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨q⟩.

Features

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Features of a voiceless uvular stop:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
  • Itsplace of articulation isuvular, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at theuvula.
  • Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Uvular

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AbazaхъацӀа/qac’a[qat͡sʼa]'man'
Adygheатакъэ/atáqa[ataːqa]ⓘ'rooster'
Aleut[1]ԟи́гаԟъ/qiighax̂[qiːɣaχ]'grass'
ArabicModern Standard[2]قـط/qiṭṭ[qitˤː]ⓘ'cat'SeeArabic phonology
Hejaziقِـمَّة/qimma[qɪmːa]'peak'Allophone of/g/. SeeHejazi Arabic phonology
Gulf[3]غـداً/qaden[qədæn]'tomorrow'Corresponds to/ɣ/ in other dialects.
Algerian
Assyrianܩܐ/qa[qa]'for'Often realized as a tense /k/[vague] rather than uvular /q/.
Archiхъал/q"ál[qaːl]'human skin'
Avá-Canoeiro[4][ˈqɔːtõ]'this'Possible realisation of/k/. In the speech of people aged 40 to 80 years, the consonant is infree variation with[qˤ],[qʰ] and[k] in post-tonic or primarily or secondarily stressed syllables.[4]
Bashkirҡаҙ/qađ[qɑð]ⓘ'goose'
Chechenкхоъ/qo’[qɔʔ]'three'
ChukchiНычымйыӄэн/nyčymjyḳèn[nət͡ʃəmjəqen]'bitter'
Crimean TatarКъырым/Qırım[qɯ.rɯm]'Crimea'
Dawsahak[qoq]'dry'
EnglishMulticultural London[5][6]cut[qʌt]'cut'Allophone of/k/ before non-high back vowels.[6][7]
Non-local Dublin[8]back[bɑq]'back'Allophone of/k/ after aretracted vowel for some speakers.[8]
Eyakg̣u:jih[qʊːtʃɪ̤]'wolf'
GermanChemnitz dialect[9]Rock[qɔkʰ]'skirt'In free variation with[ʁ̞],[ʁ],[χ] and[ʀ̥].[9] Does not occur in the coda.[9]
Greenlandicilloqarpoq[iɬːoqɑppɔq]'he has a house'SeeGreenlandic phonology
HebrewBiblicalקול/qol[qol]'voice'SeeBiblical Hebrew phonology
MizrahiSeeMizrahi Hebrew
Shar'abTemaniקול/qöl[qøːl]SeeYemenite Hebrew
HmongWhite Hmong𖬆𖬰𖬦𖬵 /qub[qu˦]'old', 'ancient', 'outdated' or 'archaic'
Hungariankorom[qorom]'soot'Possible allophone of /k/ before back vowels. SeeHungarian phonology
HindustaniHindiबर्क़/barq[bərq]'lightning'Mostly in Hindi–Urdu loanwords fromArabic, pronounced mainly inUrdu and by educated Hindi speakers, with rural Hindi speakers often pronouncing it as a[k]. SeeHindustani phonology[10][11][12]
Urduبَرق/barq
Ibaloikolpot'cloud'
Inuktitutᐃᐦᐃᑉᕆᐅᖅᑐᖅ/ihipqiuqtuq’[ihipɢiuqtuq]'explore'SeeInuit phonology
Iraqwqeet[qeːt]'break'
Kabardianкъэбэрдей/qabardey[qabardej]ⓘ'Kabardian'
Kabyleⵜⴰⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ[θɐqβæjlɪθ]ⓘ'Kabyle language'May be voiced[ɢ].
taqbaylit
ثاقـبيليث
Kavalanqaqa[qaqa]'elder brother'
KazakhҚазақстан/Qazaqstan[qɑzɑqˈstɑn]'Kazakhstan'An allophone of/k/ beforeback vowels
Ketқан/qan[qan]'begin'
Klallamqəmtəm[qəmtəm]'iron'
KurdishSoraniقـوتابخانە/qutabxane[qutɑbxɑnə]'School'An allophone of/k/ beforeback vowels
KurmanjiQalikdar[qɑlɯkdɑr]'crustacean'An allophone of/k/ beforeback vowels
Kutenaiqaykiťwu[qajkitʼwu]'nine'
KyrgyzКыргызстан/Qırğızstan[qɯrʁɯsˈstɑn]'Kyrgyzstan'An allophone of/k/ beforeback vowels
Lishan DidanUrmi Dialectאקלא/aqla[aqlɑ]'foot, leg'
MalteseArchaicCottonera Dialectqattus[qɐˈtːuːs]'cat'
Maltoक़ान/qán[qa:n]'eye'Corresponds to /x/ in otherNorth Dravidian languages. SeeMalto language#Phonology.
Nez Perceʔaw̓líwaaʔinpqawtaca[ʔawˀɪlwaːʔinpqawtat͡sa]'I go to scoop him up in the fire'
Nivkhтяқр̆/täqŕ[tʲaqr̥]'three'
OssetianIronДзæуджыхъæу/Zawjëqaw[ˈzə̹ʊ̯d͡ʒɪ̈qə̹ʊ̯]'Vladikavkaz'
PersianEarly New Persianقَـاشُق/qaşuq*/qaːʃuq/'spoon'May be allophonicly voiced to [ɢ] before a voiced stop. SeePersian phonology.
Dari standard[qɑːˈʃʊq]
Tajik standardқошуқ/qoşuq[qɔʃuq]
Some Iranian speakers[who?]قـورباغه/qurbağe[qurbɒɣe]'frog'In Western Iranian dialects /q/ and /ɣ/ have merged into /ɢ/. Though some dialects in eastern Iran may preserve the distinction in some words. SeePersian phonology.
Quechua[13]qallu[qaʎu]'tongue'
Sahaptinqu[qu]'heavy'
SeediqSeediq[ˈseˈʔediq]'Seediq'
Seereer-Siin[14][example needed]——
Shorқам/qam[qɑm]'shaman'
Somaliqaab[qaːb]'shape'SeeSomali phonology
St’át’imcetsteq[təq]'to touch'
Tlingitg̱agw[qɐ́kʷ]'tree spine'Tlingit contrasts six different uvular stops
Tatarкайдан/qaydan[qɑj.dɑn]'from where?'
Tsimshiangwildmḵa̱p'a[ɡʷildmqɑpʼa]'tobacco'
Turkmenak[ɑ:q]'white'Allophone of /k/ next to back vowels
Ubykhqhë[qʰɜ]'grave'One of ten distinct uvular stop phonemes. SeeUbykh phonology
Uyghurئاق/aq[ɑq]'white'
Yup'ikmeq[məq]'fresh water'
YukaghirNorthernмаарх/márq[maːrq]'one'
Southernатахл/ataql[ataql]'two'
!Xóõǀqháá[ǀ͡qʰɑ́ː]ⓘ'to smooth'

Pre-uvular

[edit]
Voiceless post-velar or pre-uvular plosive
q᫈
k̠
Audio sample

There is also avoiceless post-velar orpre-uvular plosive[15] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular consonant, though not as front as the prototypical velar consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨q̟⟩ or ⟨q᫈⟩ (both symbols denote anadvanced ⟨q⟩) or ⟨k̠⟩ (aretracted ⟨k⟩).

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
EnglishAustralian[16]caught[ḵʰoːt]'caught'Pre-uvular; allophone of/k/ before/ʊoːɔoɪʊə/.[16] SeeAustralian English phonology
Uzbek[17]qol[q̟oɫ]'arm'Pre-uvular; sometimes realized as an affricate[q͡χ˖].[17]
Western Neo-AramaicBakh'a[example needed]Pre-uvular, though in Ma'loula it is slightly more front.
Ma'loula[example needed]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  2. ^Watson (2002), p. 13.
  3. ^Qafisheh (1977), p. 266.
  4. ^abSilva (2015), p. 39.
  5. ^Torgersen, Kerswill & Fox (2007).
  6. ^ab"John Wells's phonetic blog: k-backing". 27 July 2010. Retrieved11 February 2015.
  7. ^Cheshire, Jenny; Kerswill, Paul; Fox, Sue; Torgersen, Eivind (2011-04-01)."Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English"(PDF).Journal of Sociolinguistics.15 (2):151–196.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00478.x.ISSN 1467-9841.Archived(PDF) from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved9 July 2019.
  8. ^ab"Glossary". Retrieved10 February 2015.
  9. ^abcKhan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
  10. ^Shapiro, Michael C. (1989).A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 20.ISBN 978-81-208-0508-8.In addition to the basic consonantal sounds discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.2, many speakers use any or all five additional consonants (क़ḳ, ख़ḳh,ग़ġ, ज़z, फ़f) in words of foreign origin (primarily from Persian, Arabic, English, and Portuguese). The last two of these, ज़z and फ़f, are the initial sounds in Englishzig andfig respectively. The consonant क़ḳ is a voiceless uvular stop, somewhat likek, but pronounced further back in the mouth. ख़ḳh is a voiceless fricative similar in pronunciation to the final sound of the Germanach. ग़ġ is generally pronounced as a voiceless uvular fricative, although it is occasionally heard as a stop rather than a fricative. Indevanāgari each of these five sounds is represented by the use of a subscript dot under one of the basic consonant signs. In practice, however, the dot is often omitted, leaving it to the reader to render the correct pronunciation on the basis of his prior knowledge of the language.
  11. ^Morelli, Sarah (20 December 2019).A Guru's Journey: Pandit Chitresh Das and Indian Classical Dance in Diaspora. University of Illinois Press.ISBN 978-0-252-05172-2.Hindi has a nasal sound roughly equivalent to then in the English sang, transliterated here asṅ orṁ, and has two slightly differingsh sounds, transliterated asś andṣ. ... A few words contain consonants…from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and English: क़ (ق) is transliterated as q, ख़ (خ) askh, ग़ (غ) as g, ज़ (ظ ,ز, or ض) as z, झ़ (ژ) as zh, and फ़ (ف) as f.
  12. ^Kulshreshtha, Manisha; Mathur, Ramkumar (24 March 2012).Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19.ISBN 978-1-4614-1137-6.A few sounds, borrowed from the other languages like Persian and Arabic, are written with a dot (bindu or nukta) as shown in Table 2.2. …those who come from rural backgrounds and do not speak really good Khariboli, pronounce these sounds as the nearest equivalents in Hindi.
  13. ^Ladefoged (2005), p. 149.
  14. ^Mc Laughlin (2005), p. 203.
  15. ^Instead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".
  16. ^abMannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  17. ^abSjoberg (1963), p. 11.

References

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External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flex(Alve­olo-)​palatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰ˷
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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