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Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨tꞎ⟩ in IPA
Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate
ʈꞎ
IPA number105 A78E
Audio sample

Avoiceless retroflex lateral affricate is a rareconsonantal sound, used in somespokenlanguages. The implicit symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨ʈ͡ꞎ⟩, is alsoextIPA.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless retroflex lateral affricate:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
  • Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is alateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Bhadarwahi[1]Bhalesi, Bhadrawahi dialectsट्ळा/ṭḷā[ʈ͡ꞎaː]"three"From old /Cr/ clusters. Contrasts/ʈ͡ꞎɖ͡𝼅ɖ͡𝼅ʱ/.[1]
Katë[2]Southeasternakƛ̣i[ʔaˈkʈ͡ꞎi]"famine"Apical post-alveolar. Phonemically a sequence/ʈl/.

References

[edit]
  1. ^abMasica (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521299442.
  2. ^Halfmann, Jakob (2024).A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) (PhD thesis). Köln: Universität zu Köln.
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
PlaceLabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
MannerBi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalmɱ̊ɱn̪̊nn̠̊ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbtdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒ
Non-sibilant affricatep̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔ɟʝkxɡɣɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricativeszʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰ˷
Tap/flapⱱ̟ɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙrɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantlɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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