Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

Voiceless retroflex fricative

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA

Voiceless retroflex fricative

IPA number 136

Audio sample

source ·help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) ʂ

Unicode(hex) U+0282

X-SAMPA s`

Braille

Image

Thevoiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩ which is a Latin letters combined with aretroflex hook. Like all theretroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of⟨s⟩ (the letter used for the correspondingalveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language,Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Some scholars also posit thevoiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɻ̊⟩.

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation issibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along agroove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is anoral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish betweenapical[ʂ̺] andlaminal[ʂ̻].

The commonality of[ʂ] cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.^[1]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		амш/amš	[amʂ]	'day'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adyghe		пшъашъэ/pšáša	[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]^ⓘ	'girl'	Laminal.
Chinese	Mandarin	石/shí	[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]	'stone'	Apical. SeeMandarin phonology
Emilian-Romagnol	Romagnol	sé	[ˈʂĕ]	'yes'	Apical; may be[s̺ʲ] or[ʃ] instead.
English	General American	worship	[wəɹʂɪp]	'worship'	Allophone of [ʃ] before [ɹ].
Faroese		fýrs	[fʊʂ]	'eighty'
Faroese		bert	[pɛɻ̊ʈ]	'only'	Devoiced approximant allophone of/r/.^[2] SeeFaroese phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	कष्ट/kašť	[ˈkəʂʈ]	'trouble'	SeeHindi phonology
Hmong		𖬤𖬵 /sau	[ʂau˧]	'to write'
Kannada		ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa	[kɐʂʈɐ]	'difficult'	Only in loanwords. SeeKannada phonology.
Kazakh		шағын, şağın	[ʂɑɣɯn]	'small, compact'	SeeKazakh phonology
Khanty	Most northern dialects	шаш/šaš	[ʂɑʂ]	'knee'	Corresponds to avoiceless retroflex affricate/ʈ͡ʂ/ in the southern and eastern dialects.
Lower Sorbian^[3]^[4]		glažk	[ˈɡläʂk]	'glass'
Malayalam		കഷ്ടം/kaštam	[kɐʂʈɐm]	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords. SeeMalayalam phonology
Mapudungun^[5]		trukur	[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]	'fog'	Possible allophone of/ʐ/ in post-nuclear position.^[5]
Marathi		ऋषी/reši	[r̩ʂiː]	'sage'	SeeMarathi phonology
Nepali		षष्ठी/sóšthi	[sʌʂʈʰi]	'Shashthi (day)'	Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. SeeNepali phonology
Norwegian		norsk	[nɔʂk]	'Norwegian'	Allophone of the sequence/ɾs/ in many dialects, includingUrban East Norwegian. SeeNorwegian phonology
Oʼodham		Cuk-Ṣon	[tʃʊkʂɔn]	Tucson
Pashto	Southern dialect	ښودل/šodël	[ʂodəl]	'to show'
Polish	Standard^[6]	szum	[ʂ̻um]^ⓘ	'rustle'	After voiceless consonants it is also represented by⟨rz⟩. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as thevoiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.^[7] It is transcribed/ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. SeePolish phonology
	Southeastern Cuyavian dialects^[8]	schowali	[ʂxɔˈväli]	'they hid'	Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of/ʂ/ and/s/ into[s] (seeszadzenie).
	Suwałki dialect^[9]	schowali	[ʂxɔˈväli]	'they hid'
Romanian	Moldavian dialects^[10]	șură	['ʂurə]	'barn'	Apical.^[10] SeeRomanian phonology
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects^[10]	șură	['ʂurə]	'barn'	Apical.^[10] SeeRomanian phonology
Russian^[6]		шут/šut	[ʂut̪]	'jester'	SeeRussian phonology
Serbo-Croatian		šal /шал	[ʂâ̠ːl]	'scarf'	Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak^[11]		šatka	[ˈʂätkä]	'kerchief'
Swedish		fors	[fɔʂ]	'rapids'	Allophone of the sequence/rs/ in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. SeeSwedish phonology
Tamil		கஷ்டம்/kaštham	[kɐʂʈɐm]	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. SeeTamil phonology
Telugu		కష్టం/kaštam	[kɐʂʈɐm]	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords. SeeTelugu phonology
Toda^[12]			[pɔʂ]	'(clan name)'	Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.^[13]
Torwali^[14]		šeš/ݜیݜ	[ʂeʂ]	'thin rope'
Ubykh			[ʂ̺a]	'head'	SeeUbykh phonology
Ukrainian		шахи/šahy	[ˈʂɑxɪ]	'chess'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialects^[15]^[16]	^{[example needed]}	—	—	Used in dialects spoken in villages north ofHoyerswerda; corresponds to[ʃ] in standard language.^[3]
Vietnamese	Southern dialects^[17]	sữa	[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]	'milk'	SeeVietnamese phonology
Yi		ꏂ/shy	[ʂ̺ɹ̩˧]	'gold'
Yurok^[18]		segep	[ʂɛɣep]	'coyote'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[19]	^{[example needed]}	—	—	Allophone of/ʃ/ before[a] and[u].

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative

[edit]

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
ɻ̝̊
ɻ̊˔
ʈ˕
IPA number	152 402B 429
Audio sample
source ·help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r\`_0_r

Voiceless retroflex approximant
ɻ̊
IPA number	152 402A
Audio sample
source ·help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r\`_0

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is anoral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Angami^[20]		ɻ̥ə³	[ɻ̥ə˨]	'to plan'	Contrasts with/ɻ/
Chokri^[21]		[təɻ̥ɨ˥˧]		'sew'	In free variation with/χ/; contrasts with/ɻ/
Ormuri^[22]^[23]	Kaniguram dialect	suř	[suɻ̝̊]^ⓘ	'red'	Usually corresponds to/ʃ/ in the Logar dialect

Notes

[edit]

^Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at:http://phoible.org/parameters.
^Árnason (2011), p. 115.
^^a ^bŠewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41
^Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.
^^a ^bSadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
^^a ^bHamann (2004), p. 65
^Karaś, Halina."Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)". Archived fromthe original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved2013-11-06.
^Taras, Barbara."Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Archived fromthe original on 2013-11-13.
^Karaś, Halina."Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Archived fromthe original on 2013-11-13.
^^a ^b ^cPop (1938), p. 31.
^Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 168.
^Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (help)
^Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.
^Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.
^Zygis (2003), p. 180.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
^"Yurok consonants".Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved7 January 2017.
^Merrill (2008), p. 109.
^Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (Fall 1993)."Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami"(PDF).Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.16 (2): 87.doi:10.32655/LTBA.16.2.03.
^Bielenberg, Brian; Zhalie, Nienu (Fall 2001)."Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology"(PDF).Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.24 (2):85–122.doi:10.32655/LTBA.24.2.04. Retrieved28 December 2016.
^Novák, Ľubomír (2013)."Other Eastern Iranian Languages".Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation). Prague: Charles University. p. 59.This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically [ɻ̝̊]: voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī languages
^Efimov, V. A. (2011). Baart, Joan L. G. (ed.).The Ormuri Language in Past and Present. Translated by Baart, Joan L. G. Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives.ISBN 978-969-9437-02-1....andř for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in usingṣ̌ʳ to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simplerṛ̌.

References

[edit]

Árnason, Kristján (2011),The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
Canepari, Luciano (1992),Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,ISBN 88-08-24624-8
Hamann, Silke (2004),"Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):53–67,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604,S2CID 2224095, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-04-14, retrieved2015-04-09
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010),"Slovak"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40 (3):373–378,doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001),"An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan"(PDF),M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008),"Tilquiapan Zapotec"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):87–96,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984),Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives",ZAS Papers in Linguistics,3:175–213,doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191

External links

[edit]

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥