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Voiceless postalveolar affricate

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(Redirected fromVoiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate)

Consonantal sound

Voiceless postalveolar affricate

tʃ

IPA number 103 134

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) t͡ʃ

Unicode(hex) U+0074 U+0361 U+0283

X-SAMPA tSor t_rS

Image

Avoiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate orvoiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespoken languages. The sound is transcribed in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨tʃ⟩, ⟨t͡ʃ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ⟩, or, in broad transcription, ⟨c⟩. This affricate has a dedicated symbolU+02A7 ʧLATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH, which was retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. The alternative commonly used inAmerican tradition is⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

Historically,[tʃ] often derives from a formervoiceless velar stop/k/ (as inEnglishchurch; also inGulf Arabic,Slavic languages,Indo-Iranian languages andRomance languages), or avoiceless dental stop/t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to afront vowel (as in Englishnature; also inAmharic,Portuguese, some accents ofEgyptian, etc.).

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

Itsmanner of articulation issibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation ispostalveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of thetongue behind thealveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		чэмы/čamë/چەمہـ	[t͡ʃamə]^ⓘ	'cow'	Some dialects contrastlabialized and non-labialized forms.
Albanian		çelur	[t͡ʃɛluɾ]	'opened'
Aleut	Atkan dialect	chamĝul	[t͡ʃɑmʁul]	'to wash'
Amharic		አንቺ/anči	[ant͡ʃi]	'you'
Arabic^[1]	CentralPalestinian	مكتبة(Normally unwritten)/mačtabe	[ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe]	'library'	Corresponds to[k] inStandard Arabic and othervarieties. SeeArabic phonology
	Iraqi	چتاب/čitaab	[t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb]	'book'
	Jordanian	كتاب(Normally unwritten)/čitaab	[t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb]	'book'
Aragonese		chuego	[ˈt͡ʃueɣo]	'game'
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	ճնճղուկ/čënčquk	[t͡ʃənt͡ʃʁuk]^ⓘ	'sparrow'
Assyrian		ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama	[t͡ʃˤjɑmɑ]	'to shut'	Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialectvarieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/.
Asturian		Chipre	[ˈt͡ʃipɾe]	'Cyprus'	Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x[ʃ].
Azerbaijani		Əkinçi/اکینچی	[ækint͡ʃʰi]	'the ploughman'
Bengali		চশমা/čošma	[t͡ʃɔʃma]	'spectacles'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeBengali phonology
Basque		txalupa	[t͡ʃalupa]	'boat'
Bulgarian		чучулига/čučuliga	[t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ]	'lark'	SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan		cotxe	[ˈko(t).t͡ʃə]	'car'	SeeCatalan phonology.
Central Alaskan Yup'ik		nacaq	[ˈnat͡ʃaq]	'parka hood'
Choctaw		hakchioma	[hakt͡ʃioma]	'tobacco'
Coptic	Bohairic dialect	ϭⲟϩ/čoh	[t͡ʃʰɔh]	'touch'
Czech		morče	[ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ]	'guinea pig'	SeeCzech phonology
Dhivehi		ޗަކަސް /čakas	[t͡ʃakas]	'mud'	Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words
Dutch		Tjongejonge	[t͡ʃɔŋəjɔŋə]	'jeez'	An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.^[3] Pronunciation is region dependent.
English		beach	[biːt͡ʃ]^ⓘ	'beach'	Slightlylabialized[tʃʷ]. SeeEnglish phonology
Esperanto		ĉar	[t͡ʃar]	'because'	SeeEsperanto phonology
Estonian		tšello	[ˈtʃelˑo]	'cello'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. seeEstonian phonology
Faroese		gera	[t͡ʃeːɹa]	'to do'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeFaroese phonology
Finnish		Tšekki	[ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi]	'Czechia'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. SeeFinnish phonology
French	Standard	caoutchouc	[kaut͡ʃu]	'rubber'	Relatively rare; occurs mostly inloanwords. SeeFrench phonology
French	Acadian	tiens	[t͡ʃɛ̃]	'(I/you) keep'	Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel.
Galician		cheo	[ˈt͡ʃeo]	'full'	Galician-Portuguese/t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with/ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. SeeGalician phonology
Georgian^[4]		ჩიხი/čixi	[t͡ʃixi]	'impasse'
German	Standard^[5]	Tschüss	[t͡ʃʏs]	'bye'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.^[5] SeeStandard German phonology
Greek	Cypriot	τσ̌άι/čai	[t͡ʃɑːiː]	'tea'
Hausa		ciwo/ثِيوُاْ	[t͡ʃíː.wòː]	'disease, pain'
Hebrew		תשובה/čuva	[t͡ʃuˈva]	'answer'	SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	चाय/cāy	[t͡ʃaːj]	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	چائے/çāy	[t͡ʃaːj]	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHindustani phonology
Haitian Creole		match	[mat͡ʃ]	'sports match'
Hungarian		gyümölcslé	[ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː]	'fruit juice'	SeeHungarian phonology
Italian^[6]		ciao	[ˈt͡ʃaːo]	'hi'	SeeItalian phonology
Javanese		cedhak/ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀/چۤڎَاك	[t͡ʃəɖaʔ]	'near'
Kʼicheʼ		K'iche'	[kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ]	'Kʼicheʼ''	Contrasts withejective form
Kabardian		чэнж/čanž/چەنژ	[t͡ʃanʒ]^ⓘ	'shallow'
Kashubian^[7]		czësto	[t͡ʃəstɔ]	'cleanly'
Kurdish		hirç/هرچ	[hɪɾt͡ʃ]	'bear'
Ladino		kolcha/קולגﬞה	[ˈkolt͡ʃa]	'quilt'
Macedonian		чека/čeka	[t͡ʃɛka]	'wait'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Malay	Malaysian	cuci/چوچي	[t͡ʃut͡ʃi]	'to wash'	SeeMalay phonology
Malay	Indonesian	cuci/چوچي	[t͡ʃut͡ʃi]	'to wash'	Palatal[c] according to some analyses. SeeMalay phonology
Maltese		bliċ	[blit͡ʃ]	'bleach'
Manx		çhiarn	[ˈt͡ʃaːrn]	'lord'
Marathi		चहा/čahá	[t͡ʃəhaː]	'tea'	Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.SeeMarathi phonology
Mongolian	Khalkha dialect	наргиж/nargič ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠢᠵ	[ˈnargit͡ʃ]	'laugh'
Nahuatl		āyōtōchtli	[aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi]	'armadillo'
Norwegian	Some dialects	kjøkken	[t͡ʃøkːen]	'kitchen'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu^[8]		jaro	[t͡ʃaɾo]	'needle'
Occitan		chuc	[ˈt͡ʃyk]	'juice'	SeeOccitan phonology
Odia		ଚକ/caka	[t͡ʃɔkɔ]	'wheel'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Persian		چوب/чӯб/çub	[t͡ʃʰuːb]	'wood'	SeePersian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	ciemny	[ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ]	'dark'	/ʈ͡ʂ/ and/t͡ɕ/ merge into[t͡ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish,/t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminalvoiceless retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect^[9]
	Malbork dialect^[9]
	Ostróda dialect^[9]
	Warmia dialect^[9]
Portuguese	Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects	chamar	[t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ]	'to call'	Archaic realization of etymological⟨ch⟩. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by[ʃ].
	MostBrazilian dialects^[10]	presente	[pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi]	'present'	Allophone of/t/ before/i,ĩ/ (including when[i,ĩ,j] is not actually produced) and other instances of[i] (e.g.epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. SeePortuguese phonology
	Most dialects	tchau	[ˈt͡ʃaw]	'bye'	In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords.
Punjabi		ਚੌਲ/چول/čol	[t͡ʃɔːl]	'rice'
Quechua		chunka	[t͡ʃʊŋka]	'ten'
Romani		ćiriklo	[t͡ʃiriˈklo]	'bird'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian		cer	[ˈt͡ʃe̞r]	'sky'	SeeRomanian phonology
Rotuman^[11]		joni	[ˈt͡ʃɔni]	'to flee'
Scottish Gaelic		slàinte	[ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə]	'health'	Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	čokoládaчоколада	[t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠]	'chocolate'	In varieties that do not distinguish/ʈ͡ʂ/ from/t͡ɕ/.
Silesian	Gmina Istebna^[12]	szpańelsko	[t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ]	'Spanish'	These dialects merge/ʈ͡ʂ/ and/t͡ɕ/ into[t͡ʃ].
Silesian	Jablunkov^[12]	szpańelsko	[t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ]	'Spanish'	These dialects merge/ʈ͡ʂ/ and/t͡ɕ/ into[t͡ʃ].
Slovak		číslo	[t͡ʃiːslo]	'number'	SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene		koča	[ˈkòːt͡ʃáː]	'cottage'
Solos		tsino	[t͡ʃinɔ]	'bone'
Spanish^[13]		chocolate	[t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈlät̪e̞]^ⓘ	'chocolate'	SeeSpanish phonology
Swahili		jicho	[ʄit͡ʃo]/جِيچٗ	'eye'
Swedish	Finland	tjugo	[t͡ʃʉːɡʉ]	'twenty'	SeeSwedish phonology
Swedish	Some rural Swedish dialects	kärlek	[t͡ʃæːɭeːk]	'love'	SeeSwedish phonology
Tagalog		tsuper	[t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ]	'driver'	SeeTagalog phonology
Tlingit		jinkaat	[ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ]	'ten'
Turkish		çok	[t͡ʃok]^ⓘ	'very'	SeeTurkish phonology
Tyap		cat	[t͡ʃad]	'love'
Ubykh		Çəbƹəja/čëbžëya	[t͡ʃəbʒəja]	'pepper'	SeeUbykh phonology
Ukrainian^[14]		чотири/čotyry	[t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ]	'four'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Uzbek		choʻl/çúl/چۉل	[t͡ʃɵl]	'desert'
Welsh		tsips	[t͡ʃɪps]	'chips'	Occurs in loanwords. SeeWelsh phonology
Yiddish		טשאַטשקע/čačke	[t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ]	'knick-knack'	SeeYiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[15]	chane	[t͡ʃanɘ]

Mandarin Chinese,Russian,Japanese,Korean,Mongolian,Polish,Catalan, andThai have avoiceless alveolo-palatal affricate/t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use/t͡ʃ/.

Related characters

[edit]

There are severalUnicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):

U+107AE 𐞮MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPH is anIPA superscript letter^[16]
U+1DF17 𝼗LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK is used inphonetic transcription^[17]^[18]
U+1DF1C 𝼜LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK has been used in phonetic descriptions ofPolish^[19]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

[edit]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
t̠ɹ̠̊˔
tɹ̝̊˗
Audio sample
source · help

Features

[edit]

Itsmanner of articulation isaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Itsplace of articulation ispostalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian^[20]	tree	[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯]	'tree'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence/tr/.^[20]^[21]^[22] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar[tɹ̝̊].^[21] SeeAustralian English phonology andEnglish phonology
	General American^[21]^[22]
	Received Pronunciation^[21]^[22]
Scottish Gaelic	Lewis^[23]	sitrich	[ˈʃiᶜ̧t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔iç]	'to neigh'	Palato-alveolar. Phonetic realization of/t̪ɾ/ after palatal or palatalised consonants in medial clusters.

Notes

[edit]

^Watson (2002:17)
^Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
^"Tjongejonge". 2 April 2019.
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^^a ^bMangold (2005:51–52)
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^Jerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2015-11-16.
^Ladefoged (2005:158)
^^a ^b ^c ^dDubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
^Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
^Blevins (1994:492)
^^a ^bDąbrowska (2004:?)
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^Merrill (2008:108)
^Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08)."L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic"(PDF).
^Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11)."L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks"(PDF).
^Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07)."L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes"(PDF).
^Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03)."L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook"(PDF).
^^a ^bCox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
^^a ^b ^c ^dCruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
^^a ^b ^cWells (2008).
^Oftedal (1956), p. 129. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFOftedal1956 (help)

References

[edit]

Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004)."Brazilian Portuguese".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.34 (2):227–232.doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756.
Blevins, Juliette (1994). "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology".Oceanic Linguistics.33 (2):491–516.doi:10.2307/3623138.JSTOR 3623138.
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012].Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9.
Cruttenden, Alan (2014).Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge.ISBN 9781444183092.
Dąbrowska, Anna (2004).Język polski. Wrocław:wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie.ISBN 83-7384-063-X.
Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995).Dialekty i gwary polskie. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna.ISBN 83-2140989-X.
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995).Ukrainian. Lincom Europa.ISBN 9783929075083.
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009).Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.ISBN 9789027238146.
Ladefoged, Peter (2005).Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962].Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag.ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7.
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003)."Castilian Spanish".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.33 (2):255–259.doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373.
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008)."Tilquiapan Zapotec".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.38 (1):107–114.doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344.
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004)."Italian".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.34 (1):117–121.doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628.
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006)."Standard Georgian"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.36 (2):255–264.doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659.
Watson, Janet (2002).The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wells, John C. (2008).Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman.ISBN 9781405881180.

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[t̠ʃ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ