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Voiceless labiodental fricative

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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨f⟩ in IPA

Voiceless labiodental fricative

IPA number 128

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) f

Unicode(hex) U+0066

X-SAMPA f

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Avoiceless labiodental fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound used in a number ofspoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨f⟩.

Avoiceless labiodental approximant is transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʋ̥⟩.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless labiodental fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation islabiodental, which means it is articulated with the lowerlip and the upperteeth.
Itsphonation is un-voiced, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		фы/fy	[fə]	'lightning'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adyghe		тфы/tfy	[tfə]^ⓘ	'five'	Corresponds to [xʷ] in Kabardian and Proto-Circassian
Albanian		faqe	[facɛ]	'cheek'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[1]	ظرف/th'arf	[ðˤɑrf]	'envelope'	SeeArabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	ֆուտբոլ/futbol	[fut̪bol]^ⓘ	'football'
Assyrian		ܦܬܐpata	[fɔθɔ]	'face'	Used mostly byWestern speakers; corresponds to/p/ in most other dialects.
Assamese		বৰফ/borof	[bɔɹɔf]	'snow/ice'
Azeri		tüfəng	[t̪y̆fæɲɟ]	'ɡun'
Basque		fin	[fin]	'thin'
Bengali		ফুল/ful	[ful]	'flower'	Allophone of/pʰ/. SeeBengali phonology
Catalan^[3]		fort	[ˈfɔɾt]	'strong'	SeeCatalan phonology
Chechen		факс /faks	[faks]	'fax'	Used only in loanwords. There is no /f/ in Chechen; /f/ was replaced by /p/ in loanwords that contained it before increased influence from the Russian language popularized the usage of /f/.
Chinese	Cantonese	飛 /fēi	[fei̯˥]^ⓘ	'to fly'	SeeCantonese phonology
Chinese	Mandarin	飛 (traditional) /飞(simplified) /fēi	[feɪ̯˥]^ⓘ	'to fly'	SeeMandarin phonology
Coptic		ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ/ftoow	[ftow]	'four'
Czech		foukat	[ˈfoʊ̯kat]	'to blow'	SeeCzech phonology
Dutch^[4]		fiets	[fiːts]	'bike'	SeeDutch phonology
English	All dialects	fill	[fɪɫ]^ⓘ	'fill'	SeeEnglish phonology
	Cockney^[5]	think	[fɪŋk]	'think'	Socially marked,^[6] with speakers exhibiting somefree variation with[θ] (with which it corresponds to in other dialects).^[7] Seeth-fronting.
	Many British urban dialects^[8]
	Some youngerEast Anglian English
	Some youngerNew Zealanders^[9]^[10]
	BroadSouth African^[11]	myth	[mɨf]	'myth'	Possible realization of /θ/, more common word-finally. SeeWhite SAE phonology.
	Indian South African^[12]	fair	[ʋ̥eː]	'fair'	Described as an approximant. Corresponds to/f/ in other accents.
Esperanto		fajro	[ˈfajɾo]	'fire'	SeeEsperanto phonology
Ewe^[13]		eflen	[éflé̃]	'he spit off'
French^[14]		fabuleuse	[fäbyˈløːz̪]	'fabulous'	SeeFrench phonology
Galician		faísca	[faˈiska]	'spark'	SeeGalician phonology
German		fade	[ˈfaːdə]	'bland'	SeeStandard German phonology
Goemai		f'at'	[fat]	'to blow'
Greek		φύση /fysī	[ˈfisi]	'nature'	SeeModern Greek phonology
Gujarati		ફળ /faļ	[fəɭ]	'fruit'	SeeGujarati phonology
Hebrew		סופר/sofer	[so̞fe̞ʁ]	'writer'	SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		साफ़ /صاف/saaf	[sɑːf]	'clean'	SeeHindustani phonology
Hmong		𖬌𖬜𖬵 /foob	[fõ˦]	'to sue, to indict'
Hungarian		figyel	[ˈfiɟɛl]	'he/she pays attention'	SeeHungarian phonology
Indonesian		fajar	[fadʒar]	'dawn'	SeeIndonesian phonology
Italian		fantasma	[fän̪ˈt̪äzmä]	'ghost'	SeeItalian phonology
Kabardian		фыз/fyz	[fəz]^ⓘ	'woman'	Corresponds to [ʂʷ] in Adyghe and Proto-Circassian
Kabyle		afus	[afus]
Kazakh		faqır / фақыр	[faqr]	'poor'
Khmer		កាហ្វេ /kahvé	[kaːfeː]	'coffee'	SeeKhmer phonology
Macedonian		фонетика/fonetika	[fɔnetika]	'phonetics'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Māori		whakapapa	[fakapapa]	'genealogy'	Less commonly[ɸ]. SeeMāori phonology.
Malay		feri	[feri]	'ferry'	Only occurs in loanwords
Malayalam		ഫലം/falam	[fɐlɐm]	'fruit, result'	Only occurs in loanwords in the standard version. ഫ is used to represent both /pʰ/ and /f/ but nowadays most people pronounce /pʰ/ as [f]. Occurs in native words in theJeseri dialect.
Maltese		fenek	[fenek]	'rabbit'
Norwegian		filter	[filtɛɾ]	'filter'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Persian		فروخت/foruxt	[foɹu:xt]	'he/she sold'	SeePersian phonology
Polish^[15]		futro	[ˈfut̪rɔ]^ⓘ	'fur'	SeePolish phonology
Portuguese^[16]		fala	[ˈfalɐ]	'speech'	SeePortuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਫ਼ੌਜੀ/faujī	[fɔːd͡ʒi]	'soldier'
Romanian^[17]		foc	[fo̞k]	'fire'	SeeRomanian phonology
Russian^[18]		орфография/orfografiya	[ɐrfɐˈɡrafʲɪjə]	'orthography'	Contrasts withpalatalized form. SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelic^[19]		faisg	[faʃkʲ]	'near, close'	Loosely articulated, can resemble[ɸ]. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[20]		фаза /faza	[fǎːz̪ä]	'phase'	SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		fúkať	[ˈfu̞ːkäc]	'to blow'	SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene	Standard	flavta	[ˈfláːu̯t̪à]	'flute'	SeeSlovene phonology
Slovene	Some dialects	vsi	[ˈfs̪î]	'all (people)'	Allophone of/v/ before voiceless obstruents in dialects with/ʋ/ →/v/ development. SeeSlovene phonology
Somali		feex	[fɛħ]	'wart'	SeeSomali phonology
Spanish^[21]		fantasma	[fã̠n̪ˈt̪a̠zma̠]	'ghost'	SeeSpanish phonology
Swahili		kufa	[kufɑ]	'to die'
Swedish		fisk	[ˈfɪsk]	'fish'	SeeSwedish phonology
Thai		ฝน/fon	[fon˩˩˦]	'rain'
Toda		nes̲of	[nes̲of]	'moon'
Turkish		saf	[ˈs̟ɑf]	'pure'	SeeTurkish phonology
Ukrainian^[22]		Фастів/fastiv	[ˈfɑsʲtʲiw]	'Fastiv'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Vietnamese^[23]		pháo	[faːw˧ˀ˥]	'firecracker'	SeeVietnamese phonology
Welsh		ffon	[fɔn]	'stick'	SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisian		fol	[foɫ]	'full'	SeeWest Frisian phonology
Yi		ꃚ /fu	[fu˧]	'roast'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[24]	cafe	[kafɘ]	'coffee'	Used primarily in loanwords fromSpanish

Notes

[edit]

^Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 18.
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
^Wells (1982), p. 328.
^Altendorf (1999), p. 7. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAltendorf1999 (help)
^Clark & Trousdale (2010), p. 309.
^Britain (2005), p. 1005.
^Wood (2003), p. 50.
^Gordon & Maclagan (2008), p. 74.
^Bowerman (2004), p. 939.
^Mesthrie (2004), p. 960.
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 156.
^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
^DEX Online :[1]
^Padgett (2003), p. 42.
^Oftedal (1956), p. 111. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFOftedal1956 (help)
^Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
^Danylenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
^Merrill (2008), p. 109.

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References

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Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196,ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942,ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Britain, David (2005), "Innovation diffusion: "Estuary English" and local dialect differentiation: The survival of Fenland Englishes",Linguistics,43 (5):995–1022,doi:10.1515/ling.2005.43.5.995,S2CID 144652354
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
Clark, Lynn; Trousdale, Graeme (2010), "A cognitive approach to quantitative sociolinguistic variation: Evidence from th-fronting in Central Scotland", in Geeraerts, Dirk; Kristiansen, Gitte; Peirsman, Yves (eds.),Advances in Cognitive Linguistics, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter,ISBN 978-3-11-022645-4
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Danylenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 9783929075083
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2008), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: Phonology", in Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd (eds.),Varieties of English, vol. 3: The Pacific and Australasia, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 64–76,ISBN 978-3110208412
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (2):45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID 243772965
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Mesthrie, Rajend (2004), "Indian South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 953–963,ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21 (1):39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID 13470826
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20 (2):37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID 243640727
Wells, John C. (1982),Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN 0-521-24224-X
Wood, Elizabeth (2003), "TH-fronting: The substitution of f/v for θ/ð in New Zealand English",New Zealand English Journal,17:50–56,S2CID 61870739

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[f] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ