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Voiceless glottal fricative

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨h⟩ in IPA

For consonants followed by the superscript ʰ, seeAspirated consonant.

Voiceless glottal fricative

h͈

IPA number 146

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) h

Unicode(hex) U+0068

X-SAMPA h

Braille

Image

Voiceless glottal approximant
h
h̞
Audio sample
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Avoiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called avoiceless glottal transition or anaspirate,^[1]^[2] is a type of sound used in somespoken languages that patterns like africative orapproximant consonantphonologically, but often lacks the usualphonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨h⟩. However,[h] has been described as avoiceless phonation because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant, as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:

[h andɦ] have been described as voiceless or breathy voiced counterparts of the vowels that follow them [but] the shape of the vocal tract [...] is often simply that of the surrounding sounds. [...] Accordingly, in such cases it is more appropriate to regardh andɦ as segments that have only a laryngeal specification, and are unmarked for all other features. There are other languages [such as Hebrew and Arabic] which show a more definite displacement of the formant frequencies forh, suggesting it has a [glottal] constriction associated with its production.^[3]

An effort undertaken at the Kiel Convention in 1989 attempted to move glottal fricatives, both voiceless and voiced, toapproximants.^[4]^[5] The fricative may be represented with theraising diacritic ⟨h̝⟩, or the approximant with a lowering diacritic ⟨h̞⟩.

TheShanghainese language, among others, contrastsvoiced and voiceless glottal fricatives.^[6]

Features

[edit]

Features of thevoiceless glottal fricative:

In some languages, it has the constrictedmanner of articulation of africative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis or anapproximant, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians^[who?] no longer consider[h] to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
It may have aglottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation[h], and[h] has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Fricative or transition

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe	Shapsug	хыгь/khyg'	[həɡʲ]	'now'	Corresponds to[x] in other dialects.
Afar		daháb	[dʌhʌb]	'gold'
Albanian		hire	[ˈhiɾɛ]^[stress?]	'the graces'
Aleut		hanix̂	[ˈhaniχ]	'lake'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[7]	هائل/haa'il	[ˈhaːʔɪl]	'enormous'	SeeArabic phonology
Assyrian	Eastern	ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐhèmanūta	[heːmaːnuːta]	'faith'
Assyrian	Western	ܗܪܟܗharcë	[hεrcɪ]	'here'
Armenian	Eastern^[8]	հայերեն/hayeren	[hɑjɛɾɛn]^ⓘ	'Armenian language'
Asturian	South-central dialects	ḥuerza	[ˈhweɾθɐ]	'force'	F- becomes [h] before -ue/-ui in south-central dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
	Eastern dialects	ḥacer	[haˈθeɾ]	"to do"	F- becomes [h] in oriental dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
	All dialects	guaḥe ḥispiar	[ˈgwahɪ] [hisˈpjaɾ]	"kid" "to steal small quantities of something"	Some words use ḥ in all dialects.
Avar		гьа	[ha]	'oath'
Azeri		hin	[hɪn]	'chicken coop'
Basque	North-Eastern dialects^[9]	hirur	[hiɾur]	'three'	Can be voiced[ɦ] instead.
Bengali		হাওয়া/haoua	[hao̯a]	'wind'
Berber		aherkus	[ahərkus]	'shoe'
Blackfoot^[10]		ᑊᖳᐡᖹᖳ /hánnia! ᑊᖳᐡ /hann	[hʌ́nːja] [hʌnː]	'really!' 'Finished'	Allophone of /x/ when it occurs beginning of a word.
Cantabrian		muḥer	[muˈheɾ]	'woman'	F- becomes [h]. In most dialects, -LJ- and -C'L- too. May be also realized as[ħ,ʕ,ɦ,x,χ].
Catalan		ehem	[eˈhẽm]	'ha!'	Found in loanwords and interjections. SeeCatalan phonology
Chechen		хӏара /hara	[hɑrɐ]	'this'
Chinese	Cantonese	海 /hói	[hɔːi̯˧˥]^ⓘ	'sea'	SeeCantonese phonology
Chinese	Taiwanese Mandarin	海 /hǎi	[haɪ̯˨˩˦]	'sea'	A velar fricative[x] forStandard Chinese. SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Danish^[11]		hus	[ˈhuːˀs]	'house'	Often voiced[ɦ] when between vowels.^[11] SeeDanish phonology
English		high	[haɪ̯]	'high'	SeeEnglish phonology andH-dropping
Esperanto		hejmo	[ˈhejmo]	'home'	SeeEsperanto phonology
Eastern Lombard	Val Camonica	Bresa	[ˈbrɛha]	'Brescia'	Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties.
Estonian		hammas	[ˈhɑmˑɑs]	'tooth'	SeeEstonian phonology
Faroese		hon	[hoːn]	'she'
Finnish		hammas	[ˈhɑmːɑs]	'tooth'	SeeFinnish phonology
French	Belgian	hotte	[hɔt]	'pannier'	Found in the region ofLiège. SeeFrench phonology
Galician	Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects	gato	[ˈhätʊ]	'cat'	Realization of [g] in some dialects. May be also realized as[ɦ,ʕ,x,χ,ʁ,ɡʰ]. Seegheada.
Georgian^[12]		ჰავა/hava	[hɑvɑ]	'climate'
German^[13]		Hass	[has]	'hatred'	SeeStandard German phonology
Greek	Cypriot^[14]	μαχαζί/mahazi	[mahaˈzi]	'shop'	Allophone of/x/ before/a/.
Hawaiian^[15]		haka	[ˈhɐkə]	'shelf'	SeeHawaiian phonology
Hebrew		הַר/har	[häʁ̞]	'mountain'	SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindi	Standard^[7]	हम/ham	[ˈhəm]	'we'	SeeHindustani phonology
Hmong		𖬎𖬰𖬟 /hawm	[haɨ˨˩]	'to honor'
Hungarian		helyes	[ˈhɛjɛʃ]	'right'	SeeHungarian phonology
Irish		shroich	[hɾˠɪç]	'reached'	Appears as thelenited form of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as grammatical pre-aspiration of vowels, & occasionally word-initial as 'h' in borrowed words. SeeIrish phonology.
Italian	Tuscan^[16]	icapitani	[iˌhäɸiˈθäːni]	'the captains'	Intervocalic allophone of/k/.^[16] SeeItalian phonology
Japanese		素肌 /suhada	[sɨᵝhada]	'bare skin'	SeeJapanese phonology
Javanese		ꦩꦲ/Maha	[mɔhɔ]	The expert, Almighty one
Kabardian		тхылъхэ/ tkhyl"khė	[tχɪɬhɑ]	'books'
Kazakh		шаһар / şahar	[ʃahɑr]	'city'
Khmer		ហឹរ /hœ̆r ចាស់ /chăs	[hər] [cah]	'spicy' 'old'	SeeKhmer phonology
Korean		허리 /heori	[hʌɾi]	'waist'	SeeKorean phonology
Lakota		ho	[ho]	'voice'
Lao		ຫ້າ/haa	[haː˧˩]	'five'
Leonese		guaje	[ˈwahe̞]	'boy'
Lezgian		гьек/hek	[hek]	'glue'
Luxembourgish^[17]		hei	[hɑ̝ɪ̯]	'here'	SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Malay		hari	[hari]	'day'
Mutsun		hučekniš	[hut͡ʃɛkniʃ]	'dog'
Navajo		hastiin	[hàsd̥ìːn]	'mister'
Norwegian		hatt	[hɑtː]	'hat'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Pashto		هو/ho	[ho]	'yes'
Persian		هفت/haft	[hæft]	'seven'	SeePersian phonology
Pirahã		hi	[hì]	'he'
Portuguese	ManyBrazilian dialects^[18]	marreta	[maˈhetɐ]	'sledgehammer'	Allophone of/ʁ/.[h,ɦ] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. SeePortuguese phonology.
	Most dialects	Honda	[ˈhõ̞dɐ]	'Honda'
	Minas Gerais (mountain dialect)	arte	[ˈahtʃ]	'art'
	ColloquialBrazilian (some dialects)^[19]^[20]	chuvisco	[ɕuˈvihku]	'drizzle'	Corresponds to either/s/ or/ʃ/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
Quechua	Standard	hatun	[hatuŋ]	'big'	The elderly still maintain the pronunciation of/h/, but the young changed the pronunciation to/x/. SeeQuechuan phonology
Romanian		hăț	[həts]	'bridle'	SeeRomanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic		ro-sheòl	[ɾɔˈhɔːɫ]	'topsail'^[21]	Lenited form of /t/, /s/, seeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Croatian^[22]	hmelj	[hmê̞ʎ̟]	'hops'	Allophone of/x/ when it is initial in a consonant cluster.^[22] SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish^[23]	Andalusian,Canarian, andExtremaduran Spanish	higo	[ˈhiɣo̞]	'fig'	Corresponds toOld Spanish /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects.
	Many dialects	obispo	[o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞]	'bishop'	Allophone of/s/ at the end of a syllable. SeeSpanish phonology
	Some dialects	jaca	[ˈhaka]	'pony'	Corresponds to/x/ in other dialects.
Swedish		hatt	[ˈhatː]	'hat'	SeeSwedish phonology
Sylheti		ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ/hamukh	[hamux]	'snail'
Tagalog		tahimik	[tɐˈhimɪk]	'quiet'	SeeTagalog phonology
Tamil	Indian Tamil	பகை/pakai	[pɐhɛ(i̯)]	'hate'	Intervocalic singular /k/ hasdebuccalized for most except in Brahmin and Sri Lankan Tamil. In total it can be [kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɣʰ h]^[24]
Tatar		һава/hawa	[hawa]	'air'	SeeTatar phonology
Telugu		పదిహేను/padihēnu	[pɐd̪iheːnu]	'fifteen'	Rarely native, mostly in loanwords. SeeTelugu#Phonology
Thai		ห้า/haa	[haː˥˩]	'five'
Turkish		halı	[häˈɫɯ]	'carpet'	SeeTurkish phonology
Ubykh		дуаха	[dwaha]	'prayer'	SeeUbykh phonology
Ukrainian		кігті	[ˈkiht⁽ʲ⁾i]	'claws'	Sometimes when[ɦ] is devoiced. SeeUkrainian phonology.
Urdu	Standard^[7]	ہم/ham	[ˈhəm]	'we'	SeeHindi-Urdu phonology
Vietnamese^[25]		hiểu	[hjew˧˩˧]	'understand'	SeeVietnamese phonology
Welsh		haul	[ˈhaɨl]	'sun'	SeeWelsh orthography
West Frisian		hoeke	[ˈhukə]	'corner'
Yi		ꉐ /hxa	[ha˧]	'hundred'

Nasal

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Nasalized voiceless glottal approximant
h̃

Anasalized voiceless glottal fricative orapproximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨h̃⟩.

Occurrence

[edit]

The/h/ sound is nasalized in several languages, apparently due to a connection between glottal and nasal sounds calledrhinoglottophilia.^{[citation needed]} Examples of languages where the only h-like sound is nasalized areKrim,Lisu, andPirahã.

More rarely, a language will contrast oral/h/ and nasal/h̃/. Two such languages are neighboring Bantu languages of Angola and Namibia,Kwangali andMbukushu. In these languages, vowels following/h̃/ are nasalized, though nasal vowels do not occur elsewhere. A distinction is also reported fromWolaytta, though in that case the nasal is rare.Swazi distinguishes/h,h̃,ɦ,ɦ̃/.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Basque	Souletin dialect^[26]	ahate	[ãˈh̃ãte]	'duck'
Carapana^[27]		hʉ̃gẽ́	[h̃ĩŋɛ̃́]	'god'	Allophone of[h] before nasal vowels.
Kaingang^[28]		hũg	[h̃ũŋ]	'hawk'	Possible word-initial realization of/h/ before a nasal vowel.^[28]
Kwangali^[29]		nhonho	[h̃õh̃õ]	Tribulus species
Khoekhoegowab	Damara dialect	hû	[h̃ũː]	'six'	Free variation^{[clarification needed]}
Lisu	Northern dialect^[30]	han	[h̃a˧]	'soul'
Lisu	Southern dialect^[31]	ꓦꓻ	[h̃ɑ˦]	'soul'
Swazi		^{[example needed]}			Distinguishes/h,h̃,ɦ,ɦ̃/.
Tofa^[32]		иъһён	[iʔh̃jon]	'twenty'

Notes

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^Smyth (1920,§16: description of stops andh)
^Wright & Wright (1925, §7h: initialh)
^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:325–326)
^Ladefoged (1990), p. 24–25. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLadefoged1990 (help)
^Garellek et al. (2021). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGarellekYuanYaqianvan_Doren2021 (help)
^Qian 2003, pp.14-16.
^^a ^b ^cThelwall (1990:38)
^Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
^Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)
^"Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide".Native-Languages.org. Retrieved2007-04-10.
^^a ^bGrønnum (2005:125)
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^Kohler (1999:86–87)
^Arvaniti (1999:175)
^Ladefoged (2005:139)
^^a ^bHall (1944:75)
^Gilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
^Barbosa & Albano (2004:5–6)
^(in Portuguese)Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese Archived 2013-07-07 at theWayback Machine
^(in Portuguese)Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-12-15 at theWayback Machine
^"ro-sheòl".www.faclair.com. Retrieved1 April 2021.
^^a ^bLandau et al. (1999:68)
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
^Zvelebil, Kamil (1965).Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138.JSTOR 24650188.
^Thompson (1959:458–461)
^Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003), p. 25.
^Metzger, Ronald; Metzger, Lois (1973). "Fonología del carapana".Sistemas fonológicos de idiomas columbianos (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. pp. 121–132.{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
^^a ^bJolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 681.
^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 132–3.
^Bradley (1994), p. 79.
^Bradley (2006), p. 271.
^"Karagas".mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de. Archived fromthe original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved2020-12-18.

References

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Arvaniti, Amalia (1999),"Cypriot Greek"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29 (2):173–178,doi:10.1017/S002510030000654X,S2CID 163926812
Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):227–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Bradley, David (1994).A Dictionary of the Northern Dialect of Lisu (China and Southeast Asia). Pacific Linguistics.ISBN 978-0-858834-23-1.
Bradley, David (2006).Southern Lisu Dictionary. STEDT.ISBN 978-0-944613-43-6.
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Grønnum, Nina (2005),Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography".Italica.21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian:72–82.doi:10.2307/475860.JSTOR 475860.
Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003),A grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,ISBN 3-11-017683-1
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery (2009),"Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingang falado em cacique doble",Anais do SETA (3):675–685
Kohler, Klaus (1999), "German",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89,ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,21 (2):91–93,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004448,S2CID 145231104
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920).A Greek Grammar for Colleges. American Book Company. Retrieved1 January 2014 – viaCCEL.
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20 (2):37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID 243640727
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Wright, Joseph; Wright, Elizabeth Mary (1925).Old English Grammar (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

External links

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International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ