Movatterモバイル変換

Voiced velar nasal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ŋ⟩ in IPA

"Velar nasal" and "Agma" redirect here. For the voiceless consonant, seeVoiceless velar nasal. For other uses, seeAgma (disambiguation).

Voiced velar nasal

IPA number 119

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) ŋ

Unicode(hex) U+014B

X-SAMPA N

Braille

Image

Avoiced velar nasal, also known aseng,engma, oragma (from Greekἆγμαâgma 'fragment'), is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespoken languages. It is the sound ofng in Englishsing as well asn before velar consonants as inEnglish andink. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for theretroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for thepalatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.

While almost all languages have/m/ and/n/ asphonemes,/ŋ/ is rarer.^[1] Half of the 469 languages surveyed inAnderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to thesyllable coda. The velar nasal does not occur in many of the languages ofthe Americas,the Middle East, orthe Caucasus, but it is extremely common amongAustralian Aboriginal languages, languages ofSub-Saharan Africa,East Asian andSoutheast Asian languages, andPolynesian languages. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, such as theRomance languages, it occurs as an allophone of/n/ before velar consonants. This kind ofassimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such asEnglish. An example of this phenomenon is the wordincome; itsunderlying representation,/ˈɪnˌkʌm/, can berealized as either[ˈɪnˌkʌm] or[ˈɪŋˌkʌm].

An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal isRussian, in which/n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar[n̪] even before velar consonants.^[2]

Some languages have apre-velar nasal,^[3] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypicalpalatal nasal - see that article for more information.

Conversely, some languages have apost-velar nasal,^[4] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypicaluvular nasal.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced velar nasal:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is alsonasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
Itsplace of articulation isvelar, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at thesoft palate.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		ngaqë	[ŋɡacə]	'because'
Aleut^[5]		chaang /ча̄ӈ	[tʃɑːŋ]	'five'
Arabic	Hejazi ^{[citation needed]}	مــنــقل /mingal	[mɪŋɡal]	'brazier'	Allophone of/n/ before velar stops. SeeHejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[6]	ընկեր /ënker	[əŋˈkɛɾ]	'friend'	Allophone of/n/ before velar consonants
Assamese		ৰং /ŗông	[ɹɔŋ]	'color'
Asturian		non	[nõŋ]	'no'	Allophone of/n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
Bambara		ŋonI	[ŋoni]	'guitar'
Bashkir		мең /meñ	[mɪ̞ŋ]^ⓘ	'one thousand'
Basque		hanka	[haŋka]	'leg'
Bengali		রঙ /rông	[ɾɔŋ]	'color'
Bulgarian^[7]		тънко /tănko	[ˈtɤŋko]	'thin'
Burmese		ငရုတ်	[ŋəjoʊʔ]	'chilli'
Cantonese		昂 /ngòhng	[ŋɔːŋ˩]	'raise'	SeeCantonese phonology
Catalan^[8]		sang	[ˈsaŋ(k)]	'blood'	SeeCatalan phonology
Cebuano		ngano	[ˈŋano]	'why'
Chamorro		ngånga'	[ŋɑŋaʔ]	'duck'
Chukchi		ӈыроӄ /ṇyroq	[ŋəɹoq]	'three'
Czech		tank	[taŋk]	'tank'	SeeCzech phonology
Dinka		ŋa	[ŋa]	'who'
Danish		sang	[sɑŋˀ]	'song'	SeeDanish phonology
Dutch^[9]		angst	[ɑŋst]	'fear'	SeeDutch phonology
Eastern Min		疑 /ngì	[ŋi⁵³]	'suspect'
English		sing	[sɪŋ]^ⓘ	'sing'	Restricted to thesyllable coda. SeeEnglish phonology
Faroese		ong	[ɔŋk]	'meadow'
Fijian		gone	[ˈŋone]	'child'
Finnish		kangas	[ˈkɑŋːɑs]	'cloth'	Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before/k/. SeeFinnish phonology
French^[10]	Standard	camping	[kɑ̃piŋ(ɡ)]^ⓘ	'camping'	Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. SeeFrench phonology
French^[10]	Southern France	pain	[pɛŋ]^ⓘ	'bread'	For many speakers,[ŋ] acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by anOccitan substrate.
Galician		unha	[ˈuŋa]	'one' (f.)
Gan		牙 /nga	[ŋa]	'tooth'
German		lang	[laŋ]	'long'	SeeStandard German phonology
Georgian		ანგარება /angareba	[äŋgäɾe̞bä]	'egoism/greed'	Allophone of/n/ before/k/ and/g/ in colloquial or fast speech.
Greek		άγχος /anchos	['aŋxo̞s]	'Stress'	SeeModern Greek phonology
Hakka	Sixian	我 /ngai	[ŋai˨˦]	'I'
Hebrew	Standard	אנגלית /anglit	[aŋɡˈlit]	'English language'	Allophone of/n/ before velar stops. SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hebrew	Sephardi	עין /nayin	[ŋaˈjin]	'Ayin'	SeeSephardi Hebrew
Hiligaynon		buang	[bu'äŋ]	'crazy/mentally unstable'
Hindustani	Hindi	रंग /रङ्ग /raṅg	[rəŋg]	'color'	SeeHindustani phonology
	Urdu	رن٘گ /raṅg
	Fiji Hindustani	Rang
Ho		maraṅ	[maraŋ]	'big'
Hungarian		ing	[iŋɡ]	'shirt'	Allophone of/n/ before/g/. SeeHungarian phonology
Icelandic		göng	[ˈkœy̯ŋk]	'tunnel'	SeeIcelandic phonology
Ilocano		ngalngal	[ŋalŋal]	'to chew'
Inuktitut		ᐴᙳᐆᖅ /puunnguuq	[puːŋŋuːq]	'dog'
Inuvialuktun		qamnguiyuaq	[qamŋuijuaq]	'snores'
Irish		anglór	[ˌə̃ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ]	'their voice'	Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutationeclipsis. SeeIrish phonology
Italian^[11]		anche	[ˈaŋke]	'also'	Allophone of/n/ before/k/ and/ɡ/. SeeItalian phonology
Itelmen		қниң	[qniŋ]	'one'
Japanese	Standard	南極 /nankyoku	[naŋkʲokɯ]	'theSouth Pole'	SeeJapanese phonology
Japanese	Eastern dialects^[12]	鍵 /kagi	[kaŋi]	'key'	SeeJapanese phonology
Javanese		sengak	[səŋak]	stink	Additional/ŋ/ caused by vowel after/ŋ/ sounding
Jin	Yuci	我 /ngie	[ŋie]	'I'
Kagayanen^[13]		manang	[manaŋ]	'older sister'
Karelian^[14]		ongi	[ˈoŋɡi]	'fishing rod'	Occurs only before/g/,/k/ and/kk/.
Karen	Eastern Pwo	ငယ်ငဝ်	[ŋɛ̀ŋɔ̀]	'enter into a heated argument'
Karen	Western Pwo	ငါငီၩငါစၪ	[ŋâŋɔ́ŋâsà]	'stupid; not very intelligent'
Kazakh		мың /myń	[məŋ]	'thousand'
Kyrgyz		миң /miñ	[miŋ]	'thousand'
Ket		аяң /ajaņ	[ajaŋ]	'to damn'
Khasi		ngap	[ŋap]	'honey'
Khmer		ងាយ /ngéay កសាង /kâsang	[ŋiəj] [kɑːsaːŋ]	'easy' 'to build'	SeeKhmer phonology
Korean		성에 /seonge	[sʌŋe]	'window frost'	SeeKorean phonology
Kurdish	Northern	ceng	[dʒɛŋ]	'war'	SeeKurdish phonology
	Central	جه‌نگ /ceng
	Southern	جه‌نگ /ceng
Luganda		ŋaaŋa	[ŋɑːŋɑ]	'hornbill'
Luxembourgish^[15]		keng	[kʰæŋ]	'nobody'	SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Macedonian		aнглиски /angliski	[ˈaŋɡliski]	'English'	Occurs as an allophone of/n/ before/k/ and/ɡ/.^[16]
Malay	Malaysian andIndonesian	bangun	[ˈbaŋʊn]	'wake up'
	Kelantan-Pattani	sini	[si.niŋ]	'here'	SeeKelantan-Pattani Malay
	Terengganu	ayam	[a.jaŋ]	'chicken'	SeeTerengganu Malay
Malayalam^[5]		മാങ്ങ /mān̄n̄a /مٰاۼَ	[maːŋŋɐ]	'mango'
Mandarin	Standard	北京 /Běijīng	[peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥]	'Beijing'	Restricted to thesyllable coda. SeeMandarin phonology
Mandarin	Sichuanese	我 /ngo³	[ŋɔ˨˩]	'I'
Marathi		रंग /ranga	[rəŋə]	'colour'	SeeMarathi phonology
Mari		еҥ /eng	[jeŋ]	'human'
Minangkabau		mangarasau	[mäŋäräsäu̯]	'nonsense'
Mongolian		тэнгэр / teŋger	[teŋger]	'sky'
Nepali		नङ /nang	[nʌŋ]	'nail'	SeeNepali phonology
Nganasan		ӈаӈ /ngang	[ŋaŋ]	'mouth'
Nivkh		ңамг /ngamg	[ŋamɡ]	'seven'
North Frisian	Mooring	kåchelng	[ˈkɔxəlŋ]	'stove'
Northern Min		外 /ngui	[ŋui]	'outside'
Northern Sámi^[17]	Eastern Finnmark	maŋis	[mɒːŋiːs]	'behind'
Northern Sámi^[17]	Western Finnmark	máŋga	[mɑːŋˑka]	'many'	[ŋ] has merged with[ɲ] in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops.
Norwegian		gang	[ɡɑŋ]	'hallway'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Odia		ଏବଂ /ebang	[ebɔŋ]	'and'
Okinawan		nkai	[ŋkai]	'to'	Allophone of[n] before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects.
Ottoman Turkish		یڭی /yeŋi	[yeŋi]	'new'
Panjabi	Gurmukhi	ਰੰਗ /rang	[rəŋ]	'color'
Panjabi	Shahmukhi	رنگ /rang	[rəŋ]
Persian	Iranian Persian	رنگ /rang	[ræŋg]		Allophone of/n/ before velar plosives. SeePersian phonology
Pipil		nemanha	[nemaŋa]	'later'
Polish^[18]		bank	[bäŋk]	'bank'	Allophone of/n/ before/k,ɡ,x/;post-palatal before/kʲ,ɡʲ/.^[19]^[20] SeePolish phonology
Portuguese		manga	[ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ]	'mango'	Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of/n/ before/ɡ/ and/k/, when the speaker does not delete the/n/ byfusing it with the preceding vowel.
Occitan	Provençal	vin	[viŋ]	'wine'
Rapanui	hanga	[haŋa]	'bay'	Sometimes written⟨g⟩ in Rapanui
Romanian	Țara MoțilorTransylvanian^[21]	câine	['kɨŋi]	'dog'	Allophone of/n/ before/k,g,h/ inStandard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology
Samoan		gagana	[ŋaˈŋana]	'language'
Serbo-Croatian^[22]		stanka /станка	[stâːŋka]	'pause'	Allophone of/n/ before/k,ɡ,x/.^[22] SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Seri		comcáac	[koŋˈkaak]	'Seri people'
Shona		n'anga	[ŋaŋɡa]	'traditional healer'
Slovene		tank	[ˈt̪âːŋk]	'tank'
Southern Min	Hokkien	黃 /n̂g	[ŋ̍˨˦]	'yellow'
Southern Min	Teochew	黃 /ng⁵	[ŋ̍⁵⁵]	'yellow'
Spanish^[23]	All dialects	domingo	[d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞]	'Sunday'	Allophone of/n/ before velar consonants. SeeSpanish phonology
Spanish^[23]	Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, Andean, and most Caribbean dialects	alquitrán	[alkiˈtɾaŋ]	'tar'	Allophone of/n/ in word-final position regardless of what follows.
Swahili		ng'ombe	[ŋombɛ]	'cow'
Swedish	Standard	ingenting	[ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ]	'nothing'	SeeSwedish phonology
Swedish	Southern Västerbotten^[24]	ngiv	[ˈŋiːv]	'knife'
Tagalog		nganga	[ŋɐˈŋa]	'opening one's mouth'
Tamil		இங்கே /in̄gē /ْيِࢳࢴࣣي	[iŋgeː]	'here'
Telugu		వాఙ్మయం	[ʋaːŋmajam]	'literature'	Allophone ofanuswara when followed byvelar stop
Tibetan	Standard	ང /nga	[ŋa˩˧]	'I'
Thai		งาน /ngaan	[ŋaːn]	'work'
Nuer - Thok Nath		ŋa	[ŋa]	'who?' or 'Is who?'
Tongan		tangata	[taŋata]	'man'
Tuamotuan		rangi / ragi	[raŋi]	'sky'
Tundra Nenets		ӈэва /ŋəwa	[ŋæewa]	'head'
Tupi		monhang	[mɔɲaŋ]	'to make'	SeeTupian phonology
Turkmen		müň	[myŋ]	'thousand'
Tyap		nɡɡwon	[ŋɡʷən]	'child'
Uzbek		ming	[miŋ]	'thousand'
Venetian		man	[maŋ]	'hand'
Vietnamese^[25]		ngà	[ŋaː˨˩]	'ivory'	SeeVietnamese phonology
Welsh		rhwng	[r̥ʊŋ]	'between'
West Frisian		kening	[ˈkeːnɪŋ]	'king'
Wu		五 /ng	[ŋ˩˧]	'five'
Xhosa		ing'ang'ane	[iŋaŋaːne]	'hadada ibis'
Xiang		熬 /ngau	[ŋau]	'to boil'
Yi		ꉢ /nga	[ŋa˧]	'I'
Yup'ik		ungungssiq	[uŋuŋssiq]	'animal'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[26]	yan	[jaŋ]	'neck'	Word-final allophone of lenis/n/

Notes

[edit]

^Ladefoged (2005), p. 164. The oral counterparts/p,t,k/ are found together in almost all languages
^Jones & Ward (1969), p. 160.
^Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
^Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
^^a ^bLadefoged (2005), p. 165.
^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
^Sabev, Mitko."Bulgarian Sound System".Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved31 July 2013.
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
^Wells (1989), p. 44.
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
^Okada (1999), p. 118.
^Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
^Jeskanen, Matti; Jahn, Eila (2022)."Karjalan grammari kaikella rahvahalla 1" [Karelian Grammar to Commoners 1](PDF) (in Karelian and Finnish). Karjalan Kielet ry. University of Eastern Finland. pp. 13, 19.Archived(PDF) from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved19 October 2024.
^Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
^Friedman, Victor A. (2002).Macedonian. München: Lincom Europa. p. 10.
^Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 151.
^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
^Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
^Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
^Pop (1938), p. 31.
^^a ^bLandau et al. (1999), p. 67
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
^Söderström, Sven (1980).Hössjömålet: ordbok över en sydvästerbottnisk dialekt (2. uppl ed.). Umeå: Dialekt- och ortnamnsarkivet.ISBN 978-91-970358-1-1.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
^Merrill (2008), p. 109.

References

[edit]

Aikio, Ante; Ylikoski, Jussi (2022), "North Saami", in Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.),The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, Oxford Guides to the World's Languages, Oxford University Press, pp. 147–177,doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0010,ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4
Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008),"The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; et al. (eds.),The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved2008-04-30
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (2):45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID 243772965
Gussmann, Edmund (1974), Fisiak, Jacek (ed.),"Nasality in Polish and English"(PDF),Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics,2, Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University:105–122
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969),The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0-521-15300-3
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, vol. 1, Wiley-Blackwell
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010),"The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40 (2):199–215,doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296,S2CID 38504322
Ostaszewska, Danuta; Tambor, Jolanta (2000),Fonetyka i fonologia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN,ISBN 83-01-12992-1
Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Reed, A.W. (2001),Kāretu, Tīmoti (ed.),The Reed Concise Māori Dictionary
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Söderström, Sven (1980),Ordbok över en sydvästerbottnisk dialekt. På grundval av Evert Larssons samlingar, Dialekt- o. ortnamnsarkivet,ISBN 91-970358-1-5
Thompson, Laurence (July 1959). "Saigon phonemics".Language.35 (3):454–476.doi:10.2307/411232.JSTOR 411232.
Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,19 (1):31–54,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005892,S2CID 145148170

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ŋ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ