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Voiced velar fricative

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɣ⟩ in IPA

"ɣ (IPA)" redirects here. For consonants followed by superscript ˠ, seeVelarization. For the Greek letter gamma, seeGamma.

Voiced velar fricative

IPA number 141

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɣ

Unicode(hex) U+0263

X-SAMPA G

Braille

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Avoiced velar fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound that is used in variousspoken languages. It is not found in most varieties ofModern English but existed inOld English.^[1] The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of theGreek letter gamma,⟨γ⟩, which has this sound inModern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for aclose-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings^[2] use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent thevelar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic:[ɣ̞] or[ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant,[ɰ].

There is also avoiced post-velar fricative, also calledpre-uvular, in some languages. For thevoiced pre-velar fricative, also calledpost-palatal, seevoiced palatal fricative.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced velar fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isvelar, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at thesoft palate.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually betrill fricatives.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza		бгъьы/bğë	[bɣʲə]	'leaf'
Adyghe		чъыгы/čëğë	[t͡ʂəɣə]^ⓘ	'tree'
Albanian	Arbëresh Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects ofArvanitika	gliata	[ɣliɑtɑ]	'tall'
Alekano		gamó	[ɣɑmɤʔ]	'cucumber'
Aleut		agiitalix	[aɣiːtalix]	'with'
Angor		ranihı	[ɾɑniɣə]	'brother'
Angas		γür	[ɣyr]	'to pick up'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[3]	غريب/ğarīb	[ɣæˈriːb]^ⓘ	'strange'	May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.^[4] SeeArabic phonology
Aragonese		augua	[ˈawɣwa]	'water'	Allophone of/ɡ/
Aromanian		ghini	[ˈɣi.ni]	'well'	Allophone of/ɡ/
Aramaic	Eastern	ܦܓ̣ܪܐpaġrā	[pʌɣrɑ]	'body'	Allophone of/x/ before voiced consonants.
Aramaic	Western	ܦܓ̣ܪܐpaġrā	[fʌɣrɔ]	'body'
Asturian		gadañu	[ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ]	'scythe'	Allophone of/ɡ/ in almost all positions
Azerbaijani	Northern	oğul	[oɣul]	'son'
Azerbaijani	Southern	اوغول/oğul	[oɣul]	'son'
Basque^[5]		hego	[heɣo]	'wing'	Allophone of/ɡ/
Belarusian		галава/ğalava	[ɣalaˈva]	'head'
Brahui		غُرِّنگ/ġurring	[ɣurːiŋɡ]	'to growl'	SeeBrahui language#Phonology.
Breton		plac’h	[plaɣ]	'daughter'
Catalan^[6]		agrat	[əˈɣɾat]	'liking'	Fricative or approximant. Allophone of/ɡ/. SeeCatalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik		auga	[ˈauːɣa]	'his/her/its blood'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Chechen		гӀала /ğala	[ɣaːla]	'town'
Czech		bych byl	[bɪɣbɪl]	'I would be'	Allophone of/x/ before voiced consonants. SeeCzech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather/ɦ/
Dàgáárè		[pɔ́ɣɔ́]		'woman'	May be realized with features closer to a velar tap[ɡ̆] (a sound previously considered impossible according to theIPA chart), based on acoustic analysis.^[7]
Dinka		ɣo	[ɣo]	'us'
Dogrib		weqa^{[clarification needed]}	[weɣa]	'for'
Dutch	StandardBelgian^[8]^[9]	genoegen	[ʝ̠̊ə̟ˈnuɣʷœ̜]^ⓘ	'satisfaction'	Often (partially) devoiced.^[10] May be post-palatal[ʝ̠] instead.^[9] SeeDutch phonology
Dutch	Southern accents^[9]	genoegen	[ʝ̠̊ə̟ˈnuɣʷœ̜]^ⓘ	'satisfaction'
English	Scouse	grass	[ɣrɑ:s]	'grass'	Allophone of/g/. SeeBritish English phonology^[11]
English	Northumbrian	^{[example needed]}			Burr^[12]
Georgian^[13]		ღარიბი/ğaribi	[ɣɑribi]	'poor'	May actually be post-velar oruvular
German^[14]^[15]	Austrian	rot	[ɣot]	'red'	Intervocalic allophone of/r/ in casual speech.^[14]^[15]^[16] SeeStandard German phonology
Ghari		cheghe	[tʃeɣe]	'five'
Greek		γάλα/gála	[ˈɣala]	'milk'	SeeModern Greek phonology
Gujarati		વાઘણ/vāġaṇ	[ʋa̤ɣəɽ̃]	'tigress'	SeeGujarati phonology
Gweno		ndeghe	[ndeɣe]	'bird'
Gwich’in		videeghàn	[viteːɣân]	'his/her chest'
Haitian Creole		diri	[diɣi]	'rice'
Hän		dëgëghor	[təkəɣor]	'I am playing'
Hebrew	Classical	מִגְדָּל/miğdol	[miɣdɔl]	'[a] tower'
Hebrew	SomeModern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing[ʁ])	שׁוֹמֵר/shomer	[ʃo̞ˈme̞ɣ]	'[a male] guard', '[he] guards'	[ʃo̞ˈme̞ʁ] by other Modern speakers
Hindustani	Hindi^[17]	ग़रीब/garib	[ɣ̄əriːb]^ⓘ	'poor'	Post-velar,^[17] conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with/g/. SeeHindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	غریب/gharib	[ɣ̄əriːb]^ⓘ	'poor'
Icelandic		saga	[ˈsaːɣa]	'saga'	SeeIcelandic phonology
Irish		adhorn	[əɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ]	'his fist'	SeeIrish phonology
Istro-Romanian^[18]		gură	[ˈɣurə]	'mouth'	Corresponds to[ɡ]^{[in which environments?]} in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology
Iwaidja		[mulaɣa]		'hermit crab'
Japanese^[19]		はげ/hage	[haɣe]	'baldness'	Allophone of/ɡ/, especially in fast or casual speech. SeeJapanese phonology
Judeo-Spanish		gato	[ˈɣ̞ato̪]^[20]	'cat'
Judeo-Spanish	Haketia	gher	[ɣeɾ]	'only'	appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic^[21]
Kabardian		гын/gyn	[ɣən]^ⓘ	'powder'
Komering		harong	[haɣoŋ]	'charcoal'
Lezgian		гъел/ğel	[ɣel]	'sleigh'
Lhaovo	Dago’	qid	[ɣìt]	'water'
Lhaovo	Yunnan		[ɣək˧˩]	'water'
Limburgish^[22]^[23]		gaw	[ɣɑ̟β̞]	'quick'	The example word is from theMaastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan	Urmi Dialect	עוטג/otogh	[ˠotʰoɣ]	'room'	Generally post-velar
Lithuanian		humoras	[ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪]	'humor'	Preferred over [ɦ]. SeeLithuanian phonology
Low German^[24]		gaan	[ˈɣɔ̃ːn]	'to go'	Increasingly replaced withHigh German[ɡ]
Macedonian	Berovo accent	дувна/duvna	[ˈduɣna]	'it blew'	Corresponds to etymological/x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. SeeMaleševo-Pirin dialect andMacedonian phonology
Macedonian	Bukovo accent	глава/glava	[ˈɡɣa(v)a]	'head'	Allophone of/l/ instead of usual[ɫ]. SeePrilep-Bitola dialect
Malay	Standard	loghat	[loɣat]	'dialect'	Used in loanwords from Arabic that contain the sound. Replaced with/ɡ/ byIndonesian speakers. SeeMalay phonology
	Johor-Riau	ramai	[ɣamaj]	'crowded (with people)'	Corresponds to prevocalic and intervocalic/r/ inStandard Malay and to uvular/ʁ/ in certain other Malay varieties such asKedah Malay. Silent in word-final position.
	Negeri Sembilan		[ɣamaj]
	Kelantan-Pattani		[ɣama]
	Terengganu		[ɣama]
	Pahang		[ɣamɛ̃(ː)]
	Sarawak		[ɣame]		Varies with uvular[ʁ]. SeeSarawak Malay
Malto		पेद़ग़े/peðġe	[peðɣe]	'to break open'	SeeMalto#Phonology.
Mandarin Chinese	Central Mandarin (Dongping dialect)	俺/ngǎn	[ɣän˥]	'I'
Mi'kmaq		nisaqan	[nisaɣan]	'weir'	Allophone of/x/ betweensonorants. SeeMi'kmaq language § Phonology.
Navajo		’aghá	[ʔaɣa]	'best'
Neapolitan	Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect)	chiahäte	[kjaˈɣɜtə]^[25]	'wounded'	Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
Nepali		कागज/kağdz	[käɣʌ(d)z]	'paper'	Allophone of/ɡ/ and/ɡʱ/ in intervocalic positions. SeeNepali phonology
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect		[nøɣə̀]	'sun'
Northern Qiang		hhnesh	[ɣnəʂ]	'February'
Norwegian	Urban East^[26]	åha	[ɔˈɣɑː]	'to have'	Possible allophone of/h/ between two back vowels; can be voiceless[x] instead.^[26] SeeNorwegian phonology
Occitan	Gascon	digoc	[diˈɣuk]	'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
Okanagan		ɣəɣicɣc	[ɣəɣitʃɣtʃ]	'Sparrow hawk'
Pashto		غاتر/ğatër	[ɣɑtər]	'mule'
Pela		[ɣɔ˥]		'to rain'
Persian		باغ/bāq	[bɒːɣ]	'garden'
Polish		niechże	[ˈɲɛɣʐɛ]	'let' (imperative particle)	Allophone of/x/ before voiced consonants. SeePolish phonology
Portuguese	European^[27]^[28]	agora	[ɐˈɣɔɾɐ]	'now'	Allophone of/ɡ/. SeePortuguese phonology
Portuguese	SomeBrazilian dialects^[29]	mármore	[ˈmaɣmuɾi]	'marble', 'sill'	Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to[x], itself allophone of/ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often ascoda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/ġarib	[ɣə̄riːb]	'poor'	Less frequent in Gurmukhi varieties where it may be replaced by/ɡ/.
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	غریب/ġarīb	[ɣə̄riːb]	'poor'
Romani		γoines	[ɣoines]	'good'
Russian	Southern	дорога/doroga	[dɐˈro̞ɣə]	'road'	Corresponds to/ɡ/ in standard
	Standard	угу/ugu	[ʊˈɣu]	'uh-huh'	Usually nasal,/ɡ/ is used when spoken. SeeRussian phonology
	Standard	горох же / goroh že	[ɡʌˈroɣʐe]	'the peas'	Allophone of/x/ before voiced consonants.^[30]
Sakha		аҕа/ağa	[aɣa]	'father'
Sardinian	Nuorese dialect	súghere	[ˈsuɣɛrɛ]	'to suck'	Allophone of/ɡ/
Scottish Gaelic		laghail	[ɫ̪ɤɣal]	'lawful'	More advanced than other velars. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[31]		ovih bi	[ǒ̞ʋiɣbi]	'of these would'	Allophone of/x/ before voiced consonants.^[31] SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
S'gaw Karen		ဂ့ၤ/ghei	[ɣei]	'good'
Sindhi		غم/ġamu	[ɣəmʊ]	'sadness'
Slovak		bäch bäl	[bɛɐ̯ɣbɛɐ̯l]	'I could be'	Allophone of/x/ before voiced consonants. SeeSlovak phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather/ɦ/
Slovene	Standard	h gori	[ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí]	'to the mountain'	Allophone of/x/ before voiced obstruents. SeeSlovene phonology
Slovene	Some dialects	gajba	[ˈɣáːjbà]	'crate'	Corresponds to/ɡ/ in Standard Slovene. SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish		amigo	[a̠ˈmiɣo̟]	'friend'	Ranges from close fricative to approximant.^[32] Allophone of/ɡ/, seeSpanish phonology
Spanish	Standard European^[33]	Predrag	[ˈpɾe̞ð̞ɾäɣ̞̊]	'Predrag'	Also described as an approximant. Allophone of/ɡ/ before a pause.^[33] SeeSpanish phonology
Swahili		ghali	[ɣali]	'expensive'
Swedish	VästerbottenNorrland dialects	meg	[mɪːɣ]	'me'	Allophone of/ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.^[34] Here also/∅/ inKalix.
Tadaksahak		zog	[zoɣ]	'war'
Tajik		ғафс/cafs	[ɣafs]	'thick'
Tamazight		aɣilas (aghilas)	[aɣilas]	'leopard'
Tamil	Sri Lankan Tamil	பகை/pakai	[pɐɣɛ(i̯)]	'hate'	Intervocalic singular /k/ hasdebuccalized for most except in Brahmin and Sri Lankan Tamil. In total it can be [kʰ x ɡ ɣ ɣʰ h]^[35]
Turkish	Non-standard	ağaç	[aɣat͡ʃ]	'tree'	Deleted in most dialects. SeeTurkish phonology
Tutchone	Northern	ihghú	[ihɣǔ]	'tooth'
Tutchone	Southern	ghra	[ɣra]	'baby'
Tyap		ghan	[ˈɣan]	'to hurry'
Ukrainian		чахохбі́лі	[tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i]	‘chakhokhbili’	Occurs in specific rare cases only.
Uzbek^[36]		ёмғир /yomgʻir/yamğır	[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]	'rain'	Post-velar.^[36]
Vietnamese^[37]		ghế	[ɣe˧˥]	'chair'	SeeVietnamese phonology
West Frisian		drage	[ˈdraːɣə]	'to carry'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Wu Chinese	Northern Wu (Jinsha variety [zh])	合	[ɣuoʔ˨˦]	'to join'
Xiang Chinese	Old Xiang (Loudi variety [zh])	湖南	[ɣu˩˧nia˩˧]	'Hunan (province)'
Yi		ꊋ/we	[ɣɤ˧]	'win'
Zhuang		Lwgroegbit	[lɯ˧ɣo˧pi˥]	'Wild duckling'

Notes

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^Baker, Peter Stuar (2012).Introduction to Old English (3rd ed.). Wiley. pp. 15.ISBN 9781444354195.OCLC 778433078 – via Internet Archive.Between voiced sounds dotlessg is pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.
^Such asBooij (1999) andNowikow (2012).
^Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
^Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
^Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
^Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
^Angsongna, Alexander; Akinbo, Samuel (2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.52 (2):341–367.doi:10.1017/S0025100320000225.S2CID 243402135.
^Verhoeven (2005:243)
^^a ^b ^cCollins & Mees (2003:191)
^Velde, Hans Van de; Gerritsen, Marinel; Hout, Roeland van (1996)."The Devoicing of Fricatives in Standard Dutch. A Real-time study based on radio recordings"(PDF).Language Variation and Change.8 (2). Cambridge University Press:149–175.doi:10.1017/S0954394500001125.ISSN 0954-3945.
^Watson, Kevin (2007).Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
^Wells, John C. (1982).Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368.ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
^^a ^bKrech et al. (2009:108)
^^a ^bSylvia Moosmüller (2007)."Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis"(PDF). p. 6. RetrievedMarch 9, 2013.
^Ulbrich, Christiane; Ulbrich, Horst (2007)."The Realisation of /r/ in Swiss German and Austrian German"(PDF).ICPhS XVI. Retrieved17 April 2025.
^^a ^bKachru (2006), p. 20.
^Pop (1938), p. 30.
^Okada (1999), p. 118.
^Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-22),Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, De Gruyter,doi:10.1515/9783110550283,hdl:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48,ISBN 978-3-11-055028-3, retrieved2023-12-17
^"Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo".
^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
^Peters (2006:119)
^R.E. Keller,German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960
^Volpi, Luigi (2011).La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera (in Italian). Potenza (Italy): EditricErmes. p. 92.^{[ISBN missing]}
^^a ^bVanvik (1979), p. 40.
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
^Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
^Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
^Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969)The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
^^a ^bLandau et al. (1999:67)
^Phonetic studies such asQuilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones arenot limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulationsinvolving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
^^a ^bWetzels & Mascaró (2001), p. 224.
^"685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)". 1893.
^Zvelebil, Kamil (1965).Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138.JSTOR 24650188.
^^a ^bSjoberg (1963), p. 13.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

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Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):227–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Booij, Geert (1999),The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-823869-X
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN 9004103406
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),"The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies:155–166,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526,S2CID 145782045, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved2015-10-20
Hualde, José Ignacio (1991),Basque phonology, New York: Routledge,ISBN 9780203168004
Kachru, Yamuna (2006),Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing,ISBN 90-272-3812-X
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009),Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter,ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000),The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-823581-X
Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992],Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN,ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (1):117–124,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Quilis, Antonio (1981),Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos,ISBN 9788424901325
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963),Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Vanvik, Arne (1979),Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,35 (2):243–247,doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Watson, Janet C. E. (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001),"The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing"(PDF),Language,77 (2):207–244,doi:10.1353/lan.2001.0123,S2CID 28948663
Wheeler, Max W (2005),The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-925814-7

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ɣ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ