| Voiced uvular fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʁ | |||
| IPA number | 143 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʁ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0281 | ||
| X-SAMPA | R | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced uvular approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʁ̞ | |||
| IPA number | 144 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| X-SAMPA | R_o | ||
| |||
Avoiced uvular fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʁ⟩, an inverted small uppercase letter ⟨ʀ⟩, or inbroad transcription ⟨r⟩ ifrhotic. This consonant is one of the several collectively calledguttural R when found in European languages.
Avoiced uvular approximant is also foundinterchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as ⟨ʁ⟩. Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, theapproximant may be specified by adding thedowntack: ⟨ʁ̞⟩, though some writings[1] use a superscript ⟨ʶ⟩, which is not an official IPA practice.
For avoiced pre-uvular fricative (also calledpost-velar), seevoiced velar fricative.
Features of a voiced uvular fricative:
In Western Europe, auvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northernFrench to several dialects andregisters ofBasque,[2]Catalan,Danish,Dutch,German,Judaeo-Spanish,Norwegian,Occitan,Portuguese,Swedish, some variants ofLow Saxon,[3] andYiddish.[citation needed] However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today.InBrazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative ([x],[ɣ]),voiceless uvular fricative[χ], or glottal transition ([h],[ɦ]), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvularrhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use⟨r⟩ to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, seeguttural R.
Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."[4]
It is also present in mostTurkic languages, except forTurkish, and inCaucasian languages. It may also occur asɣ.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | цыҕcëğ | [tsəʁ] | 'marten' | SeeAbkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | тыгъэ /tëğa /تہغە | [təʁa]ⓘ | 'sun' | ||
| Afrikaans | Parts of the formerCape Province[5] | rooi | [ʁoːi̯] | 'red' | May be a trill[ʀ] instead.[5] SeeAfrikaans phonology |
| Albanian | Arbëresh Some Moresian accents | vëlla | [vʁa] | 'brother' | May be pronounced as a normal double l. Sometimes, the guttural r is present in words starting with g in some dialects. |
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | [tʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
| Arabic | Modern Standard[6] | غرفةġurfa | [ˈʁʊrfɐ] | 'room' | Mostly transcribed as/ɣ/, may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[7] SeeArabic phonology |
| Archi[8] | гъӀабосġabos | [ʁˤabos][9] | 'croak' | Pharyngealized. | |
| Armenian | ղեկġek | [ʁɛk]ⓘ | 'rudder' | ||
| Asturian | gatu | [ˈʁat̪u]ⓘ | 'cat' | Allophone of/ɣ/. May be an approximant.[10][11] SeeIPA/Astur-Leonese | |
| Avar | тIагъур /thaġur /طاغۇر | [tʼaˈʁur] | 'cap' | ||
| Azerbaijani | Southern dialects such as inMaragha,Malekan,Binab,Ajab shir andLeylan counties ofEast Azerbaijan, andChaharburj,Miyandoab alongsideBaruq inWest Azerbaijan | yeralma/یئرآلما | [jeʁɑlma] | 'potato' | Unlike many of Turkic dialects that have solely adapted the pronunciation of <r> into avoiced alveolar trill, these dialects often use voiced uvular fricative or they might useclose-mid back unrounded vowel almost entirely in their speeches as an equivalent of r. it also has to be noted that this is not the same asvoiced velar fricative which is to be resembled withğ . |
| Bashkir | туғыҙ /tuğıđ /توعئذ | [tuˈʁɤð]ⓘ | 'nine' | ||
| Basque | Northern dialects | urre | [uʁe] | 'gold' | |
| Chilcotin | relkɨsh | [ʁəlkɪʃ] | 'he walks' | ||
| Danish | Standard[12] | rød | [ʁ̞œ̠ð̠] | 'red' | Most often an approximant when initial.[13] In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless[χ]) or an approximant.[12] Also described as pharyngeal[ʕ̞].[14] It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.[15] SeeDanish phonology |
| Dutch[16][17][18][19] | Belgian Limburg[20][21] | rad | [ʁɑt] | 'wheel' | Either a fricative or an approximant.[18][20][19][17][22] Realization of/r/ varies considerably among dialects. SeeDutch phonology |
| Central Netherlands[23] | |||||
| East Flanders[21] | |||||
| Northern Netherlands[23] | |||||
| Randstad[23] | |||||
| Southern Netherlands[23] | |||||
| English | Dyfed[24] | red | [ʁɛd] | 'red' | Not all speakers.[24] Alveolar in otherWelsh accents. |
| Gwynedd[24] | |||||
| North-east Leinster[25] | Corresponds to[ɹ~ɾ~ɻ] in other dialects of English in Ireland. | ||||
| Northumbrian[26][27] | Described both as a fricative[26] and an approximant.[27] More rarely it is a trill[ʀ].[26] Mostly found in rural areas ofNorthumberland and northernCounty Durham, declining. SeeEnglish phonology andNorthumbrian Burr. | ||||
| Sierra Leonean[26] | More rarely a trill[ʀ].[26] | ||||
| French | rester | [ʁɛste]ⓘ | 'to stay' | SeeFrench phonology | |
| German | Standard[28] | Rost | [ʁɔstʰ] | 'rust' | Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with auvular trill. SeeStandard German phonology |
| Lower Rhine[28] | |||||
| Swabian[29] | [ʁ̞oʃt] | An approximant.[29] It is the realization of/ʁ/ inonsets,[29] otherwise it is anepiglottal approximant.[29] | |||
| Gondi | Hill-Maṛia | pār̥- | [paːʁ-] | 'to sing' | Corresponds to /r/ or /ɾ/ in other Gondi dialects. |
| Hebrew | Modern | עוֹרֵב | [ʔoˈʁ̞ev] | 'crow' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology.[30] |
| Inuktitut | East Inuktitut dialect | marruuk | [mɑʁːuːk] | 'two' | |
| Italian | Some speakers[31] | raro | [ˈʁäːʁo] | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italianalveolar trill[r], due to individualorthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably inAlto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria),Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of theParma province, more markedly aroundFidenza. Other alternative sounds may be auvular trill[ʀ] or alabiodental approximant[ʋ].[31] SeeItalian phonology. |
| Kabardian | бгъэ /bğa /بغە | [bʁa]ⓘ | 'eagle' | ||
| Kabyle | ⴱⴻⵖ bbeɣ بغ | [bːəʁ] | 'to dive' | ||
| Kazakh | саған /sağan /ساعان | [sɑˈʁɑn] | 'to you' | ||
| Kyrgyz | жамгыр /camğır' /جامعىر | [dʒɑmˈʁɯr] | 'rain' | ||
| Lakota | aǧúyapi | [aʁʊjapɪ] | 'bread' | ||
| Luxembourgish[32] | Parmesan | [ˈpʰɑʁməzaːn] | 'Parmesan' | Appears as an allophone of/ʀ/ between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of/ʁ/ between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of/ʀ/ (in a complementary distribution with[χ]), also where it istrilled in the standard language.[32] SeeLuxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Kedah | ramai | [ʁamaj] | 'many' | Corresponds to prevocalic and intervocalic Standard Malay/r/. Word-finally, Standard Malay/r/ corresponds to/ʕ/ in Kedah Malay. SeeKedah Malay |
| Perak | Perak | [peʁɑk̚] | 'Perak' | SeeMalay phonology | |
| Malto[33] | पोग़े | [poʁe] | 'smoke' | May be a stop[ɢ] instead. | |
| Minangkabau | Kampar dialect[34] | boghe | [boʁe] | 'rice' | |
| Norwegian | Southerndialects | rar | [ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞] | 'strange' | Either an approximant or a fricative. SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Southwesterndialects | |||||
| Toba qom | Takshek dialect | Awo | [awoʁojk] | 'moon' | |
| Tundra Nenets | Some speakers | вара | [waʁa] | 'goose' | |
| Ossetic | Iron | æгъгъæд æğğæd | [ˈəʁːəd] | 'enough' | |
| Portuguese | European[35] | carro | [ˈkaʁu] | 'car' | Word-initial/ʁ/ is commonly realized as a uvular trill [ʀ] in Lisbon.[15] SeePortuguese phonology |
| Setubalense[36] | ruralizar | [ʁuʁɐɫiˈzaʁ] | 'to ruralize' | Outcome of a merger of/ɾ/ with/ʁ/, which is unique in the Lusophone world. Oftentrilled instead. | |
| Fluminense[36][37] | ardência | [ɐʁˈdẽsjə] | 'burning feeling' | Due to19th century Portuguese influence, Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda/ɾ/ into/ʁ/.[38] Often trilled. In free variation with[ɣ],[ʕ] and[ɦ] before voiced sounds,[x],[χ],[ħ] and[h] before voiceless consonants | |
| Sulista | arroz | [ɐˈʁos] | 'rice' | ||
| Spanish | Puerto Rican | carro | [ˈkaʁo] | 'car' | Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr')/r/ are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans.[ʁ].[39] |
| As spoken in Asturias | gusano | [ʁ̞uˈsano] | 'worm' | Most common allophone of/g/. May also be an approximant.[10][11] | |
| Swedish | Southern dialects | rör | [ʁɶʁ] | 'pipe(s)' | SeeSwedish phonology |
| Tatar | яңгыр,yañğır,ياڭگئر | [jɒŋˈʁɯr] | 'rain' | ||
| Turkmen | aɡyr /آغیٛر | [ɑʁɨɾ] | 'heavy' | An allophone of /ɣ/ next to back vowels | |
| Tsez | агъиaɣi | [ˈʔaʁi] | 'bird' | ||
| Ubykh | [ʁa] | 'his' | Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. SeeUbykh phonology | ||
| Uyghur | ئۇيغۇر /Уйғур | [ʊjʁʊr] | 'Uyghur' | ||
| Uzbek | ogʻir /оғир /اۉغیر | [ɒˈʁɨr] | 'heavy' | ||
| Yakut | тоҕусtoğus | [toʁus] | 'nine' | ||
| Yi | Ğņyņə | [ʁŋêŋĕ] | 'twenty' | Africative orapproximant. | |
| Yiddish | רעגן | ˈʁɛɡŋ | 'rain' | SeeYiddish phonology | |
| Zhuang | roek | ʁɔ̌k | 'six' | ||
| Voiced uvular tapped fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɢ̞̆ | |
| ʁ̆ |
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Northumbrian | red | [ɢ̞̆ɛd] | 'red' | Tap,[40][41] or also a tapped fricative,[42][page needed] most usually a plainfricative. SeeNorthumbrian burr |
| Scots | [example needed] | Possible realization of /r/. Tapped fricative, also can be a trilled instead.[43] | |||
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