Movatterモバイル変換

Voiced labial–velar plosive

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound

Avoiced labial–velar plosive is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages. It is a[ɡ] and[b]pronounced simultaneously and is considered adouble articulation.^[1] To make this sound, one can saygo but with the lips closed as if one were sayingBo; the lips are to be released at the same time as or a fraction of a second after theg ofgo is pronounced. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ͡b⟩. Its voiceless counterpart isvoiceless labial–velar plosive,[k͡p].

A voiced labial–velar plosive is commonly found inNiger-Congo languages, e.g. inIgbo (Volta-Congo) in the name [iɡ͡boː] itself; or inBété (Atlantic-Congo), e.g. in the surname ofLaurent Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo], former president ofIvory Coast.

Features of a voiced labial–velar stop:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
Itsplace of articulation islabial–velar, which means it is simultaneously articulated with the lips and with the back part of thetongue (the dorsum) against thesoft palate (the velum). The dorsal closure is made and released slightly before the labial closure, but they overlap for most of their duration.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

ɡ͡b	Plain
ɡ͡bʷ	Labialized
ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b	Prenasalized
ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡bʷ	Prenasalized andlabialized

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dyula	gba	[ɡ͡bɑ]	'bench'
Ega^[2]	[ɡ͡bá]		'finish'
Ewe	Èʋegbe	[èβeɡ͡be]	'Ewe language'
Igbo	Igbo	[iɡ͡boː]	'Igbo'
Kalabari^[3]	ágbá	[áɡ͡bá]	'paint'
Kissi	gbɛŋgbo	[ɡ͡bɛŋɡ͡bɔ]	'stool'
Mono (Ubangian)^[4]	gba	[ɡ͡ba]	'moisten'
Mundang^[5]	gbajole /ࢥَجٝلٜ	[ɡ͡baɟole]	'to help'
Nen^[6]	ḡéb	[ɡ͡bɪb]	'shadow; shade'	The language has [ɡ͡b ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b k͡p].^[6]
Nigerian Pidgin^[7]	gbedu	[ɡ͡bɛdu]	'beats' (of music)	Phonemic. Found in substrate words and later loanwords from native Nigerian languages. SeeLanguages of Nigeria.
Tarok^[8]	igban	[iɡ͡ban]	'traditional wooden tool'
Temne^[9]	kʌgbara	[kʌɡ͡bara]	'coconut'
Tyap	a̠mgba̠m	[əmɡ͡bəm]	'all'
Yoruba	gbogbo	[ɡ͡boɡ͡bo]	'all'

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Nen^[6]	dénḡ	[dɪᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b]	'old-style bamboo pipe or container'	The language has [ɡ͡b ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b k͡p].^[6]
Volow^[10]	nleq̄evēn	[n.lɛᵑᵐɡ͡bʷɛβɪn]	'woman'	withlabiovelar release

^Catford & Esling 2006, p. 438:
… the commonest double articulations consist of the simultaneous articulation of stops at two locations, most frequently labial-velar [kp] [gb], written [k͡p] [ɡ͡b] when the coarticulation has to be made explicit in transcription. This particular type of double articulation is often called ‘labiovelar,’ a term which must be avoided in a strictly systematic phonetic taxonomy in which the first half of such a compound term refers to the lower articulator.
^Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
^Harry (2003:113)
^Olson (2004:233); association with Niger-Congo uncertain.
^Priest, Lorna A.; Hosken, Martin (12 August 2010).Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 October 2023.
^^a ^b ^c ^dEvans, Nicholas; Miller, Julia Colleen (2016)."Nen".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.46 (3).doi:10.1017/S0025100315000365.ISSN 1475-3502..
^Faraclas (1996), pp. 248–249.
^Onah, Patrick El-Kanemi; Israel, T. Gamypal (Dec 2022)."A Phonological Description of Tarok"(PDF).Journal of English and Communication in Africa.5 (3&4):1–24. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 January 2025. Retrieved27 January 2025.
^Ladefoged (1964)
^François (2005:445)

Catford, J.C.;Esling, John (2006). "Articulatory phonetics". InBrown, Keith (ed.).Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (2 ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 425–442.doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00002-X.
Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin;Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,32 (1):99–104,doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
Faraclas, Nicholas (1996),"Nigerian Pidgin"(PDF), New York:Routledge,ISBN 0-415-02291-6
François, Alexandre (2005),"Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages",Oceanic Linguistics,44 (2):443–504,CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.4359,doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034,S2CID 131668754
Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):113–120,doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X
Kropp Dakubu, M. E. (1987),The Dangme Language: An Introductory Survey, London: Macmillan
Ladefoged, Peter (1964),A phonetic study of West African languages, Cambridge University Press
Olson, Kenneth S. (2004),"Mono"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):233–238,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ