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Voiced labial–velar approximant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨w⟩ in IPA
"w (IPA)" redirects here. For consonants followed by superscript ʷ, seeLabialization.
Voiced labial–velar approximant
w
IPA number170
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)w
Unicode(hex)U+0077
X-SAMPAw
Braille⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)
Image
Compressed labial–velar approximant
ɰᵝ

Avoiced labial–velar approximant is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in certainspokenlanguages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet;[1] likewise, the symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely[ɰʷ]. In most languages it is thesemivocalic counterpart of aclose back rounded vowel[u]. In inventory charts of languages with otherlabialized velar consonants,/w/ will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns,/w/ may be placed in the velar column, labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with convenience or phonological criteria than with phonetics.[2]

For alabialized post-palatal approximant sometimes described as avoiced labial–prevelar approximant, which is more fronted in the place of articulation than a prototypical labial–velar approximant, seelabialized palatal approximant#Post-palatal.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced labial–velar approximant:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isapproximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream. The type of approximant isglide orsemivowel. The termglide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of/w/ from the/u/ vowel position to a following vowel position. The termsemivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).
  • Itsplace of articulation islabialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of thetongue raised toward thesoft palate (the velum) whilerounding the lips. Some languages, such asJapanese and perhaps the NorthernIroquoian languages, have a sound typically transcribed as[w] where the lips arecompressed (or at least not rounded), which is a truelabial–velar (as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol[w] in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic,[w̜].
  • Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Abkhazауаҩы/awawë[awaˈɥə]'human'SeeAbkhaz phonology
AlemannicBerneseGiel[ɡ̊iə̯w]'boy'Allophone of[l]
ArabicModern Standard[3]وَرْد /ward[ward]'rose'SeeArabic phonology
Assameseৱাশ্বিংটন /Wašińton[wasiŋtɔn]'Washington'
Basquelau[law]'four'
Belarusianвоўк /voŭk[vɔwk]ⓘ'wolf'SeeBelarusian phonology
Bengaliওয়াদা /wada[wada]'promise'Fortitional allophone of the semivowels[o̯] and[u̯], especially in loan words. SeeBengali phonology
Berberⴰⵡⴰⵍ /äwäl[æwæl]'speech'
Bretonnav[ˈnaw]'nine'
BulgarianColloquialлопата /lopata[wo'patɐ]'shovel'Contemporary pronunciation of/ɫ/, an ongoingsound change. SeeBulgarian phonology.
Pernik dialectsThis dialect has a long-standing tradition of pronouncing/ɫ/ as/w/, similar to the Polish language. Independent of the similar sound change happening in the standard language.
Standard Bulgarianуиски /uiski['wisk̟i]'whiskey'Appears in borrowings. SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan[4]quart[ˈkwɑɾt]'fourth'Post-lexically after/k/ and/ɡ/. SeeCatalan phonology
ChineseCantonese挖 /waat[wɑːt̚˧]ⓘ'dig'SeeCantonese phonology
Mandarin挖 /wā[wa̠˥]ⓘSeeMandarin phonology
Danishhav[hɑw]'ocean'Allophone of[v]
DutchColloquialkouwe[ˈkʌu̯wə]'cold'Lenited allophone of/d/ after/ʌu̯/. Corresponds to/d/ in the standard language (cf.koude). SeeDutch phonology
StandardSurinamesewelp[wɛɫp]'cub'May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects.[5][6] Corresponds to[ʋ] in most of the Netherlands and to[β̞] in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. SeeDutch phonology
Englishweep[wiːp]'weep'SeeEnglish phonology
French[7]oui[wi]ⓘ'yes'SeeFrench phonology
GermanQuelle[kweːlə]'source'Some regions[citation needed]
Hawaiian[8]wikiwiki[witiwiti]'fast'May also be realized as[v]. SeeHawaiian phonology
HebrewMizrahiכּוֹחַ /kowaḥ[ˈkowaħ]'power'SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani[9]Hindiविश्वास/višwas[ʋɪʃwaːs]'believe'SeeHindustani phonology
Urduvišwas/وشواس
Irishvóta[ˈwoːt̪ˠə]'vote'SeeIrish phonology
Italian[10]uomo[ˈwɔːmo]'man'SeeItalian phonology
Kabardianуэ /wa[wa]ⓘ'you'
Kazakhауа /awa[awa]'air'
Korean왜가리 /waegari[wɛɡɐɾi]'heron'SeeKorean phonology
Laoຫວານ /wan[wǎːn]'sweet'SeeLao phonology
Luxembourgish[11]zwee[t͡swe̝ː]'two'Allophone of/v/ after/k,t͡s,ʃ/.[12] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Malaywang[waŋ]'money'
Malayalamഉവ്വ /uvva[uwːɐ]'yes'/ʋ/ around rounded vowels for some speakers.
MayanYucatecwitz[wit͡s]'mountain'
Mongolгавал /ᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ[ɢaw̜əɮ]'skull'
Nepaliहावा/hawa[ɦäwä]'wind'SeeNepali phonology
Odia[13]ଅଗ୍ରୱାଲ୍ /ogrowal[ɔgɾɔwäl]'Agrawal'
Pashtoﻭﺍﺭ /war[wɑr]'one time'
PersianDariوَرزِش /warziš[warzɪʃ]'sport'may approach/ʋ/ in some regional dialects.
Iranian Persianنَو /now[now]'new'Only as a diphthong or colloquially.
Polish[14]łaska[ˈwäskä]ⓘ'grace'SeePolish phonology. Corresponds to[ɫ] in older pronunciation and eastern dialects.
Portuguese[15]Most dialectsquando[ˈkwɐ̃du]'when'Post-lexically after/k/ and/ɡ/. SeePortuguese phonology
boa[ˈbow.wɐ]'good' (f.)Epenthetic glide or allophone of/u/, following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one.[16]
GeneralBrazilianqual[ˈkwaw]'which'Allophone of/l/ in coda position for most Brazilian dialects.[15]
Romaniandulău[d̪uˈl̪əw]ⓘ'mastiff'SeeRomanian phonology
Russianволк /volk[wou̯k]'wolf'Southern dialects.
Serbo-CroatianCroatian[17]vuk[wûːk]'wolf'Allophone of/ʋ/ before/u/.[17] SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Sericmiique[ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ]'person'Allophone of/m/
Slovene[18][19]cerkev[ˈt͡sèːrkəw]'church'Allophone of/ʋ/ in the syllable coda.[18][19] Voiceless[ʍ] before voiceless consonants. SeeSlovene phonology
Sothosewa[ˈsewa]'epidemic'SeeSesotho phonology
Svanკუ̂ენ /k'wen[kʼwen]'marten'
Spanish[20]cuanto[ˈkwãn̪t̪o̞]'as much'SeeSpanish phonology
Swahilimwanafunzi[mwɑnɑfunzi]'student'
SwedishCentral Standard[21]Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of/ɡ/ in casual speech before the protruded vowels/ɔ,oː/. SeeSwedish phonology
Tagalogaraw[ˈɐɾaw]'day'SeeTagalog phonology
Thaiแหวน /waen[wɛ̌ːn]'ring'SeeThai phonology
Toki Ponawile[wile]'to want'
Vietnamese[22]Standarduỷ[ʔwi˧˩]'to delegate'SeeVietnamese phonology
Southernquê[wej˧˧]'hometown'
Ukrainianлюбов /lübov[lʲubɔw]ⓘ'love'SeeUkrainian phonology
Welshgwae[ɡwaɨ]'woe'SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisianskowe[skoːwə]'to shove'

Nasal

[edit]
"W̃" redirects here. For the hypothetical particle with symbol W̃, seeGaugino.
Nasal labial–velar approximant
w̃

Anasal labial–velar approximant is a type ofconsonantalsound used in some languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w̃⟩.

Features

[edit]

Features of a nasal labial–velar approximant:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isapproximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.
  • Itsplace of articulation islabial–velar, which means it is simultaneously articulated with the lips and with the back part of thetongue (the dorsum) against thesoft palate (the velum). The dorsal closure is made and released slightly before the labial closure, but they overlap for most of their duration.
  • Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is anasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
  • It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Kaingang[23][w̃ĩ]'to see'Possible word-initial realization of/w/ before a nasal vowel.[24]
Polish[citation needed]są[sɔw̃]'they are'SeePolish phonology
PortugueseMost dialects[25][26]são[sɐ̃w̃]'saint', 'they are'Allophone of/w/ afternasal vowels. SeePortuguese phonology
Some dialects[27]muamba[ˈmw̃ɐ̃bɐ]'smuggling', 'jobbery',
'stash'		Non-syllabic allophone of/u/ betweennasal sounds.
Marathiसंशय /saṃśay[sə̃w̃ʃəe̯]'doubt'Anuswara (ṁ) preceding र (r), व (v), श (ś), ष (ṣ), स (s), ह (h) or ज्ञ (jñ/dnya) is rendered as 'w̃'.
Sericmiique[ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ]'person'Allophone of/m/.
Shipibo[28]banwan[29][βɐ̃ˈw̃ɐ̃]'parrot'Allophone of/w/ after nasal vowels.[28]
Teluguఆమ్లం /āmlaṃ[aːw̃alaw̃]'acid'Common colloquial pronunciation of intervocalic and final m. May also be a[ʋ̃].[30]
Uwatáw̃aya[ˈtaw̃aja]'yellow'
Yorubawọ́n[w̃ɔ̃́n]'they'Allophone of/w/ before nasal vowels.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Guidelines for Transcription of English Consonants and Vowels(PDF), archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-08-13, retrieved2009-01-04;see the examples on the fifth page.
  2. ^Ohala & Lorentz (1977), p. 577.
  3. ^Watson (2002), p. 13.
  4. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 55.
  5. ^"Recording dialect from Egmond aan Zee (Bergen), North Holland)".www.meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved26 January 2022.
  6. ^"Recording and video from dialect of Katwijk, South Holland".YouTube. 17 December 2016. Retrieved26 January 2022.
  7. ^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 75.
  8. ^Pukui & Elbert (1986), p. xvii.
  9. ^Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  10. ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  11. ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67, 69.
  12. ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 69.
  13. ^Masica (1991), p. 107.
  14. ^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  15. ^abBarbosa & Albano (2004), p. 230.
  16. ^France (2004).
  17. ^abLandau et al. (1999), p. 68.
  18. ^abŠuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
  19. ^abGreenberg (2006), p. 18.
  20. ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  21. ^Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
  22. ^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  23. ^Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
  24. ^Jolkesky (2009:681)
  25. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:127)
  26. ^Bisol (2005:179)
  27. ^Lipski, John M. (1975)."Portuguesevinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2024-08-12. Retrieved2025-05-08.
  28. ^abValenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
  29. ^"Shipibo language, alphabet and pronunciation".www.omniglot.com. Retrieved2019-11-27.
  30. ^a study of telugu regional and social dialects: a prosodic analysis by j. venkateswara sastry

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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