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Voiced glottal fricative

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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɦ⟩ in IPA

For consonants followed by superscript ʱ, seebreathy voice.

Voiced glottal fricative

IPA number 147

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɦ

Unicode(hex) U+0266

X-SAMPA h\

Braille

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Voiced glottal approximant
ɦ̞
Audio sample
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Avoiced glottal fricative, sometimes called abreathy-voiced glottal transition, is a type of sound used in somespoken languages which patterns like africative orapproximant consonantphonologically, but often lacks the usualphonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɦ⟩.

In many languages,/ɦ/ has no inherent place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as abreathy-voiced counterpart of the followingvowel from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by thepreceding vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voicephonation in such languages.^[1] It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such asFinnish^[2]), making it a fricative.

Northern Wu languages such asShanghainese contrast voiced andvoiceless glottal fricatives.^[3]^{[full citation needed]} The two glottal fricatives pattern like plosives.^[4]^[5]^{[clarification needed]}

Features

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Features of a voiced glottal fricative:

Itsphonation isbreathy voiced, ormurmured, which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound. It is sometimes referred to as a "voiced h". Strictly speaking this is incorrect, as there is no voicing.^[6]
In some languages, it has the constrictedmanner of articulation of africative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider[ɦ] to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonationin addition to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons.
It may have aglottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the termglottal mean that it is articulated by thevocal folds, but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation[ɦ], and accordingly[ɦ] has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Standard	hoe	[ɦu]^ⓘ	'how'
Azeri	Standard	möhkəm /مؤحکم	[mœːɦcæm]	'solid'
Albanian	NorthernTosk^[7]	dhemenjëherëudhëtari	[ðɛmiɲɜˈɦɛɹoθˈtaɽ̞i]	'and immediately the traveller'	Occasional allophone of/h/ in connected speech.
Basque	Northeastern dialects^[8]	hemen	[ɦemen]	'here'	Can be voiceless[h] instead.
Croatian	Some speakers	hajde		'lets go'
Czech		host	[ˈɦo̞st]^ⓘ	'guest'	SeeCzech phonology
Danish^[9]		Mon dethar regnet?	[-te̝ɦɑ-]	'I wonder if it has rained.'	Common allophone of/h/ between vowels.^[9] SeeDanish phonology
Dutch^[10]		gehoopt	[χ˖əˈɦoːpt]^ⓘ	'hoped'	Lenis glottal consonant undefined for voicing. SeeDutch phonology
English	Australian^[11]	behind	[bəˈɦɑe̯nd]	'behind'	Allophone of/h/ between voiced sounds.^[11]^[12] SeeAustralian English phonology andEnglish phonology
	Received Pronunciation^[12]	behind	[bɪˈɦaɪ̯nd]	'behind'
	BroadSouth African	hand	[ˈɦɛn̪t̪]	'hand'	Some speakers, only before a stressed vowel.
Estonian		raha	[ˈrɑɦɑ]	'money'	Allophone of/h/ between voiced sounds. SeeEstonian phonology andFinnish phonology
Finnish		raha	[ˈrɑɦɑ]	'money'
French	Quebec^[13]	manger	[mãɦe]	'to eat'	Allophone of/ʒ/ for a limited minority of speakers. Can also be realized as a voiceless[h].
Hebrew		מַהֵר	[mäɦe̞ʁ]^ⓘ	'fast'	Occurs as an allophone of/h/ between voiced sounds. SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		हूँ /ہوں	[ɦũː]	'am'	SeeHindustani phonology
Hungarian	Some speakers	tehát	[tɛɦaːt]^ⓘ	'so'	Intervocalic allophone of/h/. Occurs as voiceless/h/ for other speakers. SeeHungarian phonology
Japanese	Some speakers	少し話して /sukoshihanashite^[14]	[sɯkoɕiɦanaɕi̥te]	'speak a little bit'
Indonesian	Some speakers	bahan	[baˈɦan]	'ingredient'
Kalabari^[15]		hóín	[ɦóĩ́]	'introduction'
Korean		여행 /yeohaeng	[jʌɦεŋ]	'travel'	Occurs as an allophone of/h/ between voiced sounds. SeeKorean phonology
Limburgish^[16]^[17]		hart	[ɦɑ̽ʀ̝t]	'heart'	The example word is from theMaastrichtian dialect. SeeMaastrichtian dialect phonology
Lithuanian		humoras	[ˈɦʊmɔrɐs̪]	'humour'	Often pronounced instead of [ɣ]. SeeLithuanian phonology
Marathi		हार	[ɦaːɾ]	'garland'
Odia		ହଳ/haḷa	[ɦɔɭɔ]	'plough'
Nepali		हल	[ɦʌl]	'solution'	SeeNepali phonology
Parkari Koli		ۿُونَواڙ	[ɦuːnaʋaːɽ]	'desolate, deserted'
Polish	Podhale dialect	hydrant	[ˈɦɘ̟d̪rän̪t̪]	'fire hydrant'	Contrasts with/x/. Standard Polish possesses only/x/. SeePolish phonology
Polish	Kresy dialect	hydrant	[ˈɦɘ̟d̪rän̪t̪]	'fire hydrant'
Portuguese	Many Brazilian dialects	esserapaz	[ˈesiɦaˈpajs]	'this youth' (m.)	Allophone of/ʁ/.[h,ɦ] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. SeePortuguese phonology andguttural R
	Many speakers	hashi	[ɦɐˈʃi]	'chopsticks'
	SomeBrazilian^[18]^[19] dialects	mesmo	[ˈmeɦmu]	'same'	Corresponds to either/s/ or/ʃ/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
	Cearense dialect^[20]	gente	[ˈɦẽt͡ʃi]	'people'	Debuccalized from[ʒ],[v] or[z].
	Mineiro dialect	dormir	[doɦˈmi(h)]	'to sleep'	Before other voiced consonants, otherwise realized as[h].
Punjabi		ਹਵਾ /ہوا	[ɦə̀ʋä̌ː]	'air'
Riffian Berber		hwa	[ɦwæ]	'to go down'
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects^[21]	haină	[ˈɦajnə]	'coat'	Corresponds to[h] in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology
Sanskrit		हस्त /hasta	[ˈɦɐs̪t̪ɐ]	'hand'	SeeSanskrit phonology
Silesian		hangrys	[ˈɦaŋɡrɨs]	'gooseberry'
Slovak		hora	[ˈɦɔ̝rä]^ⓘ	'mountain'	SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene	Littoral dialects		[ˈɦɔra]		This is a general feature of allSlovene dialects west of theŠkofja Loka–Planina line. Corresponds to[ɡ] in other dialects. SeeSlovene phonology
	Rovte dialects		[ˈɦɔra]
	Rosen Valley dialect
Sylheti		ꠢꠥꠐꠇꠤ /হুটকি	[ɦuʈki]	'dried fish'
Telugu		హల్లు	[ɦəlːu]	'Consonant'
Ukrainian		голос	[ˈɦʷɔ̝ːlˤɘs]^ⓘ	'voice'	Also described as pharyngeal[ʕ]^{[citation needed]}. SeeUkrainian phonology
Wu	Shanghainese	閒話 /ghe-gho	[ɦɛ˩ɦo˦]	'language'	SeeNorthern Wu phonology
Wu	Suzhounese	四號 /sy₅-ghau₆	[sz̩˥˩ɦæ˧˩]	'fourth day of a Western month'	SeeNorthern Wu phonology
Zulu		ihhashi	[iːˈɦaːʃi]	'horse'

Nasal

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Nasalized voiced glottal approximant
ɦ̃

Anasalized voiced glottal fricative orapproximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɦ̃⟩.Swazi distinguishes/h,h̃,ɦ,ɦ̃/.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Basque	Zuberoan^[22]	ihitz	[ĩˈɦ̃ĩʦ̻]	'dew, frost'	Phonemic^[22]
UMbundu^[23]		^{[example needed]}			Contrasts with/h/^[23]

Notes

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^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:325–326)
^Laufer (1991:91)
^Qian 2003, pp.14-16.
^Gu, Qin (2008). "最新派上海市区方言语音的研究分析" [A Study and Analysis on the Phonology of Newest Period Urban Shanghainese].东方语言学 (2). Shanghai Normal University.
^Koenig, Laura L.; Shi, Lu-Feng (2014). "3aSC18: Measures of spectral tilt in Shanghainese stops and glottal fricatives".The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Providence.doi:10.1121/1.4877532.
^Ladefoged, Peter; Keith, Johnson (2011).A course in phonetics (Sixth ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Publishing. p. 149.ISBN 9781428231269.OCLC 613523782.
^Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (n.d.)."Northern Tosk Albanian".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.53 (3):1122–1144.doi:10.1017/S0025100322000044.hdl:20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f.ISSN 0025-1003.
^Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)
^^a ^bGrønnum (2005:125)
^Gussenhoven (1992:45)
^^a ^bCox & Fletcher (2017:159)
^^a ^bRoach (2004:241)
^April (2007)
^Arai, Warner & Greenberg (2007), p. 47.
^Harry (2003:113)
^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:155)
^Verhoeven (2007:219)
^The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese (in Portuguese), Pará Federal University, archived fromthe original on 2013-07-07
^The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty(PDF) (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro Federal University, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-12-15
^"A neutralização dos Fonemas / v – z - Z / No Falar de Fortalexa"(PDF). profala.ufc.br. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved23 April 2012.
^Pop (1938), p. 30.
^^a ^bEgurtzegi, Ander (2015-06-30)."Different distributions of contrastive vowel nasalization in Basque".Loquens.2 (1): e017.doi:10.3989/loquens.2015.017.ISSN 2386-2637. Also:"Different distributions of contrastive vowel nasalization in Basque". Retrieved2025-09-15 – via ResearchGate.
^^a ^bGarellek, Marc; Chai, Yuan; Huang, Yaqian; Van Doren, Maxine (19 July 2021)."Voicing of glottal consonants and non-modal vowels".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.53 (2): 309.doi:10.1017/S0025100321000116.ISSN 0025-1003. Alsopreprint. UCSD.

References

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Aoyama, Katsura (2001),A Psycholinguistic Perspective on Finnish and Japanese Prosody: Perception, Production and Child Acquisition of Consonantal Quantity Distinctions, Springer Science & Business Media,ISBN 978-0-7923-7216-5
Arai, Takayuki; Warner, Natasha; Greenberg, Steven (2007), "Analysis of spontaneous Japanese in a multi-language telephone-speech corpus",Acoustical Science and Technology,28 (1):46–48,doi:10.1250/ast.28.46
April, Pascale (2007), "The Posteriorization of Palato-Alveolar Fricatives in Quebec French: An Effort-Based Approach",Cahiers Linguistiques d'Ottawa,35:1–24
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012],Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
Grønnum, Nina (2005),Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (2):45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID 243772965
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),"The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies:155–166,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526,S2CID 145782045, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved2015-10-25
Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):113–120,doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X
Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003),A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,ISBN 3-11-017683-1
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996),The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell,ISBN 0-631-19814-8
Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,21 (2):91–93,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004448,S2CID 145231104
Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):239–245,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37 (2):219–225,doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940

External links

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International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ