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Voiced bilabial plosive

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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨b⟩ in IPA

Voiced bilabial plosive

IPA number 102

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) b

Unicode(hex) U+0062

X-SAMPA b

Braille

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Avoiced bilabial plosive orstop is a type ofconsonantal sound used in many spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "b" sound in "obey". The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨b⟩.

Features

[edit]

Sagittal section of a voiced bilabial plosive

Features of a voiced bilabial stop:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
Itsplace of articulation isbilabial, which means it is articulated with bothlips.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, themedian–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Occurrence of[b] in several languages
Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		бгъу /bġ°	[bʁʷə]^ⓘ	'nine'
Albanian		bletë	['bletə]	'bee'
Arabic	Standard^[1]	باب /bāb	[baːb]	'door'	SeeArabic phonology
Assyrian		ܒܒܐbaba	[baːba]	'father'
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	բարի/bari	[bɑˈɾi]^ⓘ	'kind'
Basque		bero	[beɾo]	'hot'
Bengali		বলো /balo	[bɔlo]	'say!'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeBengali phonology
Catalan^[3]		bell	[ˈbeʎ]	'beautiful'	SeeCatalan phonology
Chechen		борз /borz	[borz]	'wolf'
Czech		bota	[ˈbota]	'boot'	SeeCzech phonology
Danish	Standard^[4]^[5]	løber	[ˈløːbɐ]	'runner'	Only partially voiced; possible allophone of/b/ in the intervocalic position. More often voiceless[p].^[4]^[5] SeeDanish phonology
Dutch^[6]		boer	[buːr]	'farmer'	SeeDutch phonology
English		aback	[əˈbæk]^ⓘ	'aback'	SeeEnglish phonology
Esperanto		batalo	[baˈtalo]	'war'	SeeEsperanto phonology
Filipino		buto	[buto]	'bone'
French^[7]		boue	[bu]	'mud'	SeeFrench phonology
Georgian^[8]		ბავშვი /bavšvi	[ˈbavʃvi]	'child'
German		aber	[ˈäːbɐ]^ⓘ	'but'	SeeStandard German phonology
Greek		μπόχα /bócha	[ˈbo̞xa]	'reek'	SeeModern Greek phonology
Gujarati		બક્રી /bakri	[bəkri]	'goat'	SeeGujarati phonology
Hebrew		בית /báyit	[bajit]	'house'	SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	बाल /bāl	[bäːl]	'hair'	Contrasts with aspirated version/bʱ/. SeeHindi-Urdu phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	بال /bāl	[bäːl]	'hair'
Hungarian		baba	[ˈbɒbɒ]	'baby'	SeeHungarian phonology
Italian^[9]		bile	[ˈbile]	'rage'	SeeItalian phonology
Japanese^[10]		番 /ban	[baɴ]	'(one's) turn'	SeeJapanese phonology
Kabardian		бгъуы/bg"uy	[bʁʷə]^ⓘ	'nine'
Korean		지붕 /jibung	[t͡ɕibuŋ]	'roof'	SeeKorean phonology
Kurdish	Northern	bav	[bɑːv]	'father'	SeeKurdish phonology
	Central	باوک/bâwk	[bɑːwk]
	Southern	باوگ/bâwig	[bɑːwɨg]
Luxembourgish^[11]		geblosen	[ɡ̊əˈbloːzən]	'blown'	More often voiceless[p].^[11] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Macedonian		убав/ubav	[ˈubav]	'beautiful'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Malay		baru	[bäru]	'new'
Malayalam		ബലം/balam	[bɐlɐm]	'strength'	SeeMalayalam phonology
Maltese		għatba	[aːtˈba]	'threshold'
Marathi		बटाटा /baṭāṭā	[bəˈʈaːʈaː]	'potato'	SeeMarathi phonology
Nepali		बाटो /bāṭo	[bäʈo]	'path'	SeeNepali phonology
Norwegian		bål	[ˈbɔːl]	'bonfire'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Odia		ବାର/barô	[bärɔ]	'twelve'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Persian		خوب/ xub	[xub]	'good'	SeePersian phonology
Pirahã		pibaóí	[ˈpìbàóí̯]	'parent'
Polish^[12]		bas	[bäs]^ⓘ	'bass'	SeePolish phonology
Portuguese^[13]		bato	[ˈbatu]	'I strike'	SeePortuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਬਿੱਲੀ/billī	[bɪlːi]	'cat'
Romanian^[14]		bou	[bow]	'bull'	SeeRomanian phonology.
Russian^[15]		рыба /ryba	[ˈrɨbə]	'fish'	Contrasts withpalatalized form. SeeRussian phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[16]		биће /biće	[bǐːt͡ɕě]	'being'	SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		byť	[bi̞c]	'to be'
Slovene		biti	[ˈbìːt̪í]	'to be'
Southern Min		閩 /ban	[ban]	'Fujian province'	Only in colloquial speech.
Spanish^[17]		invertir	[ĩmbe̞ɾˈt̪iɾ]	'to invest'	SeeSpanish phonology
Swedish		bra	[ˈbɾɑː]	'good'	May be anapproximant in casual speech. SeeSwedish phonology
Telugu		బడి	[badi]	'school'	Contrasts with aspirated form. Aspirated form is articulated asbreathy consonant.
Thai		บำบัด /bam-bàt	[bam.bat̚]	'therapy'	SeeThai phonology
Turkish		bulut	[ˈbuɫut̪]	'cloud'	SeeTurkish phonology
Tyap		bai	[bai]	'to come'
Ukrainian^[18]		брат /brat	[brɑt̪]	'brother'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Welsh		mab	[mɑːb]	'son'	SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisian		bak	[bak]	'tray'
Wu		皮 /bi	[bi]	'skin'
Xiang		浮 /baw	[bau]	'to float'
Yi		ꁧ /bbo	[bo˧]	'mountain'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[19]	bald	[bald]	'few'

Notes

[edit]

^Thelwall (1990:37)
^Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
^^a ^bGoblirsch (2018), pp. 134–5, citingFischer-Jørgensen (1952) andAbrahams (1949, pp. 116–21, 228–30).
^^a ^bPuggaard-Rode, Horslund & Jørgensen (2022).
^Gussenhoven (1992:45)
^Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^Okada (1999:117)
^^a ^bGilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
^Jassem (2003:103)
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
^DEX Online :[1]
^Padgett (2003:42)
^Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^Merrill (2008:108)

References

[edit]

Abrahams, Henrik (1949),Études phonétiques sur les tendances évolutives des occlusives germaniques, Aarhus University Press
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 9783929075083
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli (1952), "Om stemtheds assimilation", in Bach, H.; et al. (eds.),Festskrift til L. L. Hammerich, Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad, pp. 116–129
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Goblirsch, Kurt (2018),Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: On the History of Quantity in Germanic, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-1-107-03450-1
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (2):45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID 243772965
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21 (1):39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID 13470826
Puggaard-Rode, Rasmus; Horslund, Camilla Søballe; Jørgensen, Henrik (2022), "The rarity of intervocalic voicing of stops in Danish spontaneous speech",Laboratory Phonology,13 (1),doi:10.16995/labphon.6449,hdl:1887/3304670
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20 (2):37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID 243640727

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[b] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-)palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ					ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ