Voiced alveolar fricatives areconsonantal sounds. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether asibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
The symbol for an alveolarsibilant is ⟨z⟩. The IPA letter⟨z⟩ is not normally used fordental orpostalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively).[citation needed]
The IPA symbol for an alveolarnon-sibilant fricative is derived by means ofdiacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
Avoiced alveolar sibilant is common acrossEuropean languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to itsvoiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of[z] are languages ofEurope,Africa, orWestern Asia.[citation needed]
Itsmanner of articulation issibilantfricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along agroove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
There are at least three specific variants of[z]:
Dentalized laminalalveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of[z] is very strong.[1]
Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal. According toLadefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half ofEnglish speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal. Acoustically, it is close to[ʒ] or laminal[ʐ].
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Allophone of/s/ before voiced consonants, when it is notdebuccalized to[h~ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize/s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before/d/ it is dental[z̪].
Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaevalIbero-Romance sibilants:⟨ch⟩/tʃ/,⟨x⟩/ʃ/,⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩/ʒ/,⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩/s̪/,⟨z⟩/z̪/,⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩-/s̺/, -⟨s⟩-/z̺/
Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. If not the main allophone, it is oftenretracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and/r/.[52] SeeDutch phonology
Avoiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound in some spoken languages. As theInternational Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for non-sibilant alveolar fricatives, this sound can be transcribed by use of diacritics, such as ⟨ð̠⟩ (aretracted[ð]) or ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (araised[ɹ], also often part of the affricate[dɹ̝]). Additional symbols include ⟨ð͇⟩ (with the alveolar diacritic, inextIPA) and ⟨d̞⟩ (alowered[d]).
Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
Corresponds to/rr/ in standard Italian, as well as word-initial/r/, and may be geminated. Described as a 'non-sulcalizedsonorant', articulated without contact; may be closer to anapproximant, depending on the speaker.[62]
A few languages also have avoiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur, such as ⟨ɾ̞⟩.Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[70]
^Árnason (2011:106, 108): "[It is] doubtful whether the voiced fricatives are to be classified as such, rather than as approximants." "The weakness of the articulation of the voiced sounds makes them at times more like approximants, and they are very easily deleted intervocalically in natural speech[.]"
Bauer, Laurie; Dienhart, John M.; Hartvigson, Hans H.; Jakobsen, Leif Kvistgaard (1980),American English Pronunciation: Supplement, Comparison with Danish., Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel,OCLC54869978
Broderick, George (1986),A Handbook of Late Spoken Manx: Phonology, vol. 3, Tübingen: Niemeyer,ISBN3-484-42903-8
Canepari, Luciano (1992),Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,ISBN978-88-08-24624-0
Chew, Peter A. (2003),A computational phonology of Russian, Universal Publishers
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN978-9004103405
Emeneau, Murray Barnson (1970),Dravidian Comparative Phonology: A Sketch, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India: Annamalai University
Engstrand, Olle (2004),Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur,ISBN978-91-44-04238-1
Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,ISBN978-0-521-63751-0
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1999), "French",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–76,ISBN978-0-521-65236-0
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77,ISBN978-0-521-65236-0
Klagstad, Harold L. Jr. (1958),The Phonemic System of Colloquial Standard Bulgarian, American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages, pp. 42–54
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN978-0-521-65236-0
Laver, John (1994),Principles of Phonetics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN978-0-521-45655-5
Lunt, Horace G. (1952),Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Maddieson, Ian (1984),Patterns of Sound, Cambridge University Press
Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny;Ladefoged, Peter (1993),"Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.),UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN978-0-52163751-0
Padluzhny, Ped (1989),Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка,ISBN978-5-343-00292-8
Palková, Zdena (1994),Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, Karolinum,ISBN978-8070668436
Pandeli, H; Eska, J; Ball, Martin; Rahilly, J (1997), "Problems of phonetic transcription: the case of the Hiberno-English slit-t",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,27 (1–2):65–75,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005430,S2CID145119728
Pétursson, Magnus (1971), "Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie",Phonetica,33 (4):203–216,doi:10.1159/000259344,S2CID145316121
Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980),Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1977),A short reference grammar of Gulf Arabic, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press,ISBN978-0-8165-0570-8
Rocławski, Bronisław (1976),Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur (2017) [2013]."Hljóðkerfi og orðhlutakerfi Íslensku" [Phonology and phonotactics of Icelandic](PDF) (in Icelandic).Archived(PDF) from the original on 18 Sep 2024.
Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963),Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107,ISBN978-0-521-65236-0
Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37 (3):351–360,doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
Wheeler, Max W. (2005),The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-925814-7
Yavuz, Handan; Balcı, Ayla (2011),Turkish Phonology and Morphology, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi,ISBN978-975-06-0964-0
Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999),"Turkish"(PDF),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158,ISBN978-0-521-65236-0, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved2015-04-12
