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Voiced alveolar affricate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromVoiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate)
Consonantal sound
Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate
dz
ʣ
IPA number104 133
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ʣ
Unicode(hex)U+02A3
X-SAMPAdz
Image

Avoiced alveolar affricate is a type ofaffricate consonant pronounced with thetip orblade of the tongue against thealveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate

[edit]
"Voiced dental affricate" redirects here. For the non-sibilant affricate, seeVoiced dental non-sibilant affricate.

Avoiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespokenlanguages. The sound is transcribed in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡z⟩ or ⟨d͜z⟩ (formerly ⟨ʣ⟩ or ⟨ƻ⟩).

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:

  • Itsmanner of articulation issibilantaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
  • Thestop component of this affricate islaminalalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
  • There are at least three specific variants of thefricative component:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of[z] is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal. Acoustically, it is close to[ʒ] or laminal[ʐ].
  • Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Dentalized laminal alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArmenianEastern[2]ձուկ/dzuk[d̻͡z̪uk]ⓘ'fish'
Belarusian[3]пэндзаль/pendzal[ˈpɛn̪d̻͡z̪alʲ]'paintbrush'Contrasts withpalatalized form. SeeBelarusian phonology
Czech[4]Afgánec byl[ˈävɡäːnɛd̻͡z̪bɪɫ̪]'an Afghan was'Allophone of/t͡s/ before voiced consonants. SeeCzech phonology
Hungarian[5]bodza[ˈbod̻͡z̪ːɒ]'elderberry'SeeHungarian phonology
Japanese残念/zan'nen[d͡zã̠nːẽ̞ɴ]'regretful'SeeJapanese phonology
Kashubian[6]dze[d͡ze]'where'
Latvian[7]drudzis[ˈd̪rud̻͡z̪is̪]'fever'SeeLatvian phonology
Macedonian[8]ѕвезда/dzvezda[ˈd̻͡z̪ve̞z̪d̪ä]'star'SeeMacedonian phonology
Montenegrin[9]dzindzula[ˈd̻͡z̪inˈd̻͡z̪ulä]'jujube'SeeMontenegrin phonology
Pashtoځوان[d͡zwɑn]'youth' 'young'SeePashto phonology
Polish[10]dzwon[d̻͡z̪vɔn̪]ⓘ'bell'SeePolish phonology
Russian[11]плацдарм/placdarm[pɫ̪ɐd̻͡z̪ˈd̪är̠m]'bridgehead'Allophone of/t͡s/ before voiced consonants. SeeRussian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[12]otac bi[ǒ̞t̪äd̻͡z̪bi]'father would'Allophone of/t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[12] SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakmedzi[med͡zi]'between'SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene[13]brivec brije[ˈbɾíːʋə̀d̻͡z̪bɾíjɛ̀]'barber shaves'Allophone of/t͡s/ before voiced consonants in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. SeeSlovene phonology
Tyapzat[d͡zad]'buffalo'
Ukrainian[14]дзвінdzvin[d̻͡z̪ʋin̪]'bell'Contrasts withpalatalized form. SeeUkrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[15][example needed]Allophone of/t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[15]

Non-retracted alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArabicNajdi[16]قـليب/dzilīb[d͡zəliːb]'well'Corresponds to/q/,/ɡ/, or/dʒ/ in other dialects.
EnglishBroadCockney[17]day[ˈd͡zæˑɪ̯]'day'Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of/d/.[18][19] SeeEnglish phonology
Received Pronunciation[19][ˈd͡zeˑɪ̯]
New York[20]Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of/d/.[20] SeeEnglish phonology
Scouse[21]Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of/d/.[21] SeeEnglish phonology
FrenchQuebecdu[d͡zy]'of the'Allophone of/d/ before/i,y,j/.
Georgian[22]ძვალი/dzvali[d͡zvɑli]'bone'
Luxembourgish[23]spadséieren[ʃpɑˈd͡zɜ̝ɪ̯əʀən]'to go for a walk'Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words.[23] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Marathiजोर/dzor[d͡zor]'force'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by ज, which also represents [d͡ʒ]. The aspirated sound is represented by झ, which also represents [d͡ʒʱ]. There is no marked difference for either one.
Ollarijōnel[d͡zoːnel]'maize'
Nepaliआज/ādza[äd͡zʌ]'today'Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /ज/. The aspirated sound is represented by /झ/. SeeNepali phonology
Naikijūrol[d͡zuːɾol]'cricket'
PortugueseEuropean[24]desafio[d͡zɐˈfi.u]'challenge'Allophone of/d/ before/i,ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of/i~ɨ~e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[25]
Brazilian[24][25]aprendizado[apɾẽ̞ˈd͡zadu]'learning'
Many speakersmezzosoprano[me̞d͡zo̞so̞ˈpɾɐ̃nu]'mezzo-soprano'Marginal sound. Some might instead usespelling pronunciations.[26] SeePortuguese phonology
RomanianMoldavian dialects[27]zic[d͡zɨk]'say'Corresponds to[z] in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology
Teluguౙత/dzata[d͡zɐt̪ɐ]'pair, set'
TeochewSwatow日本/jitpun[d͡zit̚˨˩.pʊn˥˧]'Japan'
Todaüɀ[yd͡z]'five'

Retracted alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Catalan[28]dotze[ˈd̪odd̠͡z̠ə]'twelve'Apical. SeeCatalan phonology
OccitanGasconmessatge[məˈs̠ːa̠d̠͡z̠ə]'message'Laminal in other dialects. Varies with[dʒ] in some words.
Languedocien
Piedmontesearvëdse[ɑrˈvəd̠͡z̠e]'goodbye'
SardinianCentral dialectspranzu[ˈpränd̠͡z̠u]'lunch'

Variable

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Greek[29]τζάκι[ˈd͡zɐc̠i]'fireplace'Varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment. Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence.[29] SeeModern Greek phonology
Italian[30]zero[ˈd͡zɛːro]'zero'The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminaldenti-alveolar.[30] SeeItalian phonology
Montenegrindzavala[ˈd̻͡z̪avalä]'haystack'Varies between dentalized laminal and sibilant affricate. SeeMontenegrin phonology
West Frisian[31]skodzje[ˈs̠kɔd͡zjə]'shake'Laminal; varies between retracted and non-retracted.[31] Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence. The example word also illustrates[s̠]. SeeWest Frisian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate

[edit]
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate
dɹ̝
dð̠
dð͇
Audio sample

Features

[edit]

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
DutchOrsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32][example needed]A possible realization of word-final, non-pre-pausal/r/.[32]
EnglishGeneral American[33]dream[d͡ɹ̝ʷɪi̯m]'dream'Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence/dr/; more commonly postalveolar[d̠͡ɹ̠˔].[33] SeeEnglish phonology
Received Pronunciation[33]
ItalianSicily[34]Adriatico[äd͡ɹ̝iˈäːt̪iko]'theAdriatic Sea'Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence/dr/, and can be realized as the sequence[dɹ̝] instead.[35] SeeItalian phonology

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. ^Kozintseva (1995:6)
  3. ^Padluzhny (1989:48–49)
  4. ^Palková (1994:234–235)
  5. ^Szende (1999:104)
  6. ^Jerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2015-11-16.
  7. ^Nau (1998:6)
  8. ^Lunt (1952:1)
  9. ^"Pravopis crnogorskoga jezika".
  10. ^Rocławski (1976:162)
  11. ^Chew (2003:67 and 103)
  12. ^abLandau et al. (1999:67)
  13. ^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
  14. ^S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system".Glottometrics.16:63–79.arXiv:0802.4198.
  15. ^abŠewc-Schuster (1984:22, 38))
  16. ^Lewis jr. (2013), p. 5.
  17. ^Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
  18. ^Wells (1982), p. 323.
  19. ^abCruttenden (2014), p. 172.
  20. ^abWells (1982), p. 515.
  21. ^abWells (1982), p. 372.
  22. ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  23. ^abGilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
  24. ^ab(in Portuguese)Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS – Alice Telles de Paula Page 14
  25. ^ab"Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte – Camila Tavares Leite"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved2014-12-13.
  26. ^"Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro – Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2014-12-13. Retrieved2014-12-13.
  27. ^Pop (1938), p. 29.
  28. ^Hualde (1992:370)
  29. ^abArvaniti (2007), pp. 12, 20, 23–24.
  30. ^abCanepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
  31. ^abCollins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  32. ^abPeters (2010), p. 240.
  33. ^abcCruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  34. ^Canepari (1992), p. 64.
  35. ^Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.

References

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External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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