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Voiced alveolar approximant

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɹ⟩ / ⟨ð̠˕⟩ and ⟨ɹ̠⟩ in IPA

Voiced alveolar approximant

ð̠˕

IPA number 151

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɹ

Unicode(hex) U+0279

X-SAMPA r\

Braille

Image

Avoiced alveolar approximant is a type ofconsonantal sound used in some spokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents it is ⟨ɹ⟩, a lowercase letterr rotated 180 degrees. It can also be transcribed ⟨ð̠˕⟩.

Features

[edit]

A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ].

Features of a voiced alveolar approximant:

Itsmanner of articulation isapproximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.
Itsplace of articulation isalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Alveolar

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian	unknown	gjelbër	[ˈɟʑɛlbəɹ]	'green'
Armenian	Classical	սուրճ	[suɹtʃ]	'coffee'
Assamese		ৰঙা (rônga)	[ɹɔŋa]	'red'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	Alqosh dialect	ܪܒ	[ɹɑbɑ]	'many'	Corresponds to/ɾ/ in most other Assyrian dialects.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	Tyari dialect	ܪܒ	[ɹɑbɑ]	'many'	Corresponds to/ɾ/ in most other Assyrian dialects.
Bengali^[1]		আবার	[abaɹ]	'again'	Phonetic realisation of /r/, especially in some Eastern Dialects and sometimes in conjunct before consonants. Corresponds to [r ~ɾ] in others. SeeBengali phonology
Burmese^[2]^[3]		ပရိဘောဂ	[pəɹḭbɔ́ɡa̰]	'furniture'	Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English.
Chukchi^{[citation needed]}		ңирэк	[ŋiɹek]	'two'
Dahalo^[4]		[káð̠˕i]		'work'	Apical. It is a common intervocalic allophone of/d̠/, and may be a weak fricative[ð̠] or simply a plosive[d] instead.^[5]
Danish	Standard^[6]^[7]^[8]	ved	[ve̝ð̠˕ˠ]	'at'	Velarized and laminal; allophone of/d/ in thesyllable coda.^[6]^[7]^[8] For a minority of speakers, it may be anon-sibilant fricative instead.^[8] SeeDanish phonology.
Dutch	Central Netherlandic	door	[doːɹ]	'through'	Allophone of/r/ in the syllable coda for some speakers. SeeDutch phonology.
	Western Netherlandic	door	[doːɹ]	'through'
	Leiden	rat	[ɹat]	'rat'	Corresponds to/r/ in other dialects.
Faroese		róður	[ɹɔuwʊɹ]	'rudder'	SeeFaroese phonology.
German	Moselle Franconian (Siegerland^[9] andWesterwald^[10] dialects)	Rebe	[ˈɹeːbə]	'vine'	Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative[ʁ], a uvular trill[ʀ] or an alveolar trill[r]. SeeStandard German phonology.
	Silesian
	Upper Lusatian
Greek^[11]		μέρα/méra	[ˈmɛɹɐ]	'day'	Allophone of/ɾ/ in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. SeeModern Greek phonology.
Icelandic		veggfóður	[ˈvɛkˑfo̞ð̠˕ˌɵ̞r̝̊ː]^ⓘ	'wallpaper'	Usually apical.^[12] In free variation with a weak fricative ([ð̠]).^[13] SeeIcelandic phonology.
Limburgish	Montfortian dialect^[14]	maintenant	[ˈmæ̃ːn˦ð̠˕ənɑ̃ː˨]	'now'
Persian		فارسی	[fɒːɹˈsiː]	'Persian'	Allophone of/ɾ/ before /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /l/. SeePersian phonology.
Portuguese	Multiple Brazilian dialects, mostly inlandCentro-Sul^[15]	amor	[aˈmoɹˠ]	'love'	Allophone of/ɾ~ʁ/ in the syllable coda. Velarized, may also beretroflex,post-alveolar and/or arhotic vowel. SeePortuguese phonology.
Spanish	Andalusian^[16]	doscientos	[do̞(ɹ)ˈθje̞n̪t̪o̞s]	'two hundred'	Allophone of/s/ before [θ]. SeeSpanish phonology.
	Belizean	invierno	[imˈbjeɹno]	'winter'	Possible realization of/r/ in the syllable coda due to English influence.
	Caribbean Colombian
	Puerto Rican
	Costa Rican^[17]	carro	[ˈkaɹo]	'car'	Allophone of/r/, and of/ɾ/ before/l/. SeeCosta Rican Spanish.
Swedish	Central Standard^[18]	område	[ˌɔ̝mː˦˥˩ˈɹʊə̯˩˥˧d̪ɛ̠ɛ̠̊˧˩˨]^ⓘ	'domain'	Allophone of/r/. Some speakers have[ɾ] ([r] when geminated) in all positions. SeeSwedish phonology.
Tagalog		parang	[paɹaŋ]	'like-'	Allophone of the more usual and traditional flap or trill[ɾ~r] and is sometimes thus pronounced by some younger speakers due to exposure to mainstream English.
Turkish	Marmara Region	artık	[aɹtɯk]	'excess, surplus'	Occurs as an allophone of[ɾ] in syllable coda, in free variation with post-alveolar[ɹ̠]. SeeTurkish phonology.
Vietnamese	Saigon^[19]	ra	[ɹa]	'go out'	In free variation with[ɾ],[r] and[ʐ]. SeeVietnamese phonology.
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[20]	rdɨ	[ɹd̪ɨ]	'pass'	Allophone of/ɾ/ before consonants.

Postalveolar

[edit]

Voiced postalveolar approximant
ɹ̠
Audio sample
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A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].

The most common sound represented by the letterr in English is thevoiced postalveolar approximant, pronounced a little more back and transcribed more precisely in IPA as ⟨ɹ̠⟩, but ⟨ɹ⟩ is often used for convenience in its place. For further ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions might use the symbol ⟨r⟩ even though this symbol represents thealveolar trill in phonetic transcription.

Thebunched or molar r sounds remarkably similar to the postalveolar approximant and can be described as avoiced labial pre-velar approximant with tongue-tip retraction. It can be transcribed inextIPA as ⟨ɹ̈⟩.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian	red	[ɹ̠ʷed]	'red'	Oftenlabialized. May also be a labializedretroflex approximant. For convenience it is often transcribed⟨r⟩. SeeAustralian English phonology,English phonology,Rhoticity in English andPronunciation of English /r/.
	MostAmerican dialects^[21]		[ɹ̠ʷɛd]^ⓘ
	Received Pronunciation		[ɹ̠ʷɛd]^ⓘ
Igbo^[22]		rí	[ɹ̠í]	'eat'
Malay		راتوس /ratus	[ɹ̠ä.tos]	'hundred'	More commonly trill [r] or flap [ɾ]. SeeMalay phonology
Maltese	Some dialects^[23]	malajr	[mɐˈlɐjɹ̠]	'quickly'	Corresponds to[ɾ~r] in other dialects.^[23]
Shipibo^[24]		roro	[ˈd̠ɹ̠o̽ɾ̠o̽]	'to break into pieces'	Pre-stopped. Possible word-initial realization of/r/.^[24]

As an allophone of otherrhotic sounds,[ɹ] occurs inEdo,Fula,Murrinh-patha, andPalauan.^[25]

Voiced alveolar sibilant approximant

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This sectionmay beconfusing or unclear to readers. In particular, "sibilant approximant" may imply an oxymoron, though still described as distinct approximant in the literature; better wording is preferred. Please helpclarify the section. There is a discussion about this onTalk:Voiced alveolar approximant § sibilant/laminal alveolar approximant.(October 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Voiced alveolar sibilant approximant
z̞
ɹ̻

A peculiar consonant of the Ikema-Irabu dialect of theMiyakoan language, aRyukyuan language, is thevoiced alveolar sibilant approximant, orvoicedlaminal alveolar approximant.^[26] The International Phonetic Alphabet has no symbol to represent this sound, but a possible transcription is ⟨z̞⟩ or ⟨ɹ̻⟩.

Features

[edit]

This phoneme is a rare example of a sibilant^{[failed verification]}approximant similar to its equivalentfricative, but with very little or nofriction, i.e. aturbulent pulmonary airflow.^[27]
Itsplace of articulation isalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Myakoan	Irabu^[27]	[z̞zä]		'father'	Phonemic; [z̞z] when word initial,geminate[z̞ː] when presyllabic, variable when medial, and plain [z̞] when word final. Transcribed as/ž/ or/žž/ inAmericanist phonetic notation.

Notes

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^Khan (2010), pp. 223–224.
^Cornyn (1944:7)
^Watkins (2001)
^Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
^Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
^^a ^bBasbøll (2005:59 and 63)
^^a ^bGrønnum (2003:121)
^^a ^b ^cLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:144)
^Kohler (1995:165f), cited inUniversität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse
^Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache
^Arvaniti (2007:15–18)
^Pétursson (1971:?) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFPétursson1971 (help), cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
^Thráinsson (1994:147)
^Bakkes (2007:^{[page needed]})
^Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná Archived 2016-03-03 at theWayback Machine. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21 (in Portuguese)
^Recasens (2004:436) citingFougeron (1999) andBrowman & Goldstein (1995)
^Lipski (1994:222)
^Engstrand (1999:141)
^Thompson (1959:459)
^Merrill (2008:109)
^Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999:283) citingDelattre & Freeman (1968),Zawadzki & Kuehn (1980), andBoyce & Espy-Wilson (1997)
^Ikekeonwu (1999:108)
^^a ^bPuech (2013:74)
^^a ^bValenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:240–241)
^Ball, Martin; Rahilly, Joan (2011), "The symbolization of central approximants in the IPA",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,41 (2):231–237,doi:10.1017/S0025100311000107,JSTOR 44527032
^^a ^bShimoji, Michinori (2008),A Grammar of Irabu, a Southern Ryukyuan Language, Australian National University, pp. 30, 38, 63,76–77,doi:10.25911/5d5fc82596df5,hdl:1885/150638

References

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Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"(PDF),Journal of Greek Linguistics,8:97–208,doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-12-11
Bakkes, Pierre (2007),Mofers Waordebook (in Dutch), Stichting Mofers Waordebook,ISBN 978-90-9022294-3
Basbøll, Hans (2005),The Phonology of Danish, OUP Oxford,ISBN 0-19-824268-9
Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997), "Coarticulatory stability in American English/r/",Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,101 (6):3741–3753,Bibcode:1997ASAJ..101.3741B,CiteSeerX 10.1.1.16.4174,doi:10.1121/1.418333,PMID 9193061
Browman, C.P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position in American English", in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.),Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues: for Katherine Safford Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 9–33
Cornyn, William (1944),Outline of Burmese Grammar, Supplement toLanguage, vol. 20 no. 4, Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America
Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968), "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture",Linguistics,44:29–68
Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,ISBN 9780521637510
Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically conditioned articulatory variation: A Review",UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73
Grønnum, Nina (2003), "Why are the Danes so hard to understand?", in Jacobsen, Henrik Galberg; Bleses, Dorthe; Madsen, Thomas O.; Thomsen, Pia (eds.),Take Danish - for instance: linguistic studies in honour of Hans Basbøll, presented on the occasion of his 60th birthday, Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, pp. 119–130
Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999), "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants",Journal of Phonetics,27 (3):281–306,doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
Ikekeonwu, Clara I. (1999), "Igbo",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 108–110,ISBN 9780521637510
Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010),"Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40 (2):221–225,doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071

Kohler, Klaus (1995),Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen, Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag
Lipski, John M. (1994),Latin American Spanish, Longman,ISBN 978-0-582-08761-3
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny;Ladefoged, Peter (1993),"Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.),UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45 (3):339–348,doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
Puech, Gilbert (2013), "Prime constituents of Maltese sounds", in Borg, Albert; Caruana, Sandro; Vella, Alexandra (eds.),Perspectives on Maltese Linguistics, Berlin: Akademie Verlag GmbH, pp. 61–88,ISBN 978-3-05-006275-4
Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The effect of syllable position on consonant reduction (evidence from Catalan consonant clusters)",Journal of Phonetics,32 (3):435–453,doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001),"Shipibo",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31 (2):281–285,doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
Thompson, Laurence C. (1959), "Saigon Phonemics",Language,35 (3), Linguistic Society of America:454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Thráinsson, Höskuldur (1994), "Icelandic", in König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.),The Germanic Languages, Routledge language family descriptions, London: Routledge, pp. 142–189,ISBN 0-415-28079-6
Watkins, Justin (2001),"Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31 (2):291–95,doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122,S2CID 232344700
Zawadzki, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980), "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English/r/",Phonetica,37 (4):253–266,doi:10.1159/000259995,PMID 7443796,S2CID 46760239

External links

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List of languages with[ɹ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–retroflex

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other

Voiceless bidental fricative[h̪͆]
Voiceless dentolabial fricative[f͆]
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop[t̪ʙ̥]
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟]
Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟̬]
Bilabial percussive[ʬ]
Bidental percussive[ʭ]
Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive[¡]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

v t e The letterR
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill[r̥] Voiced alveolar trill[r] Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant[ɹ] Voiceless alveolar tap[ɾ̥] Voiced alveolar tap[ɾ] Voiced alveolar lateral flap[ɺ] Voiced retroflex approximant[ɻ] Voiced retroflex flap[ɽ] Voiced retroflex trill[ɽr] Voiced velar approximant[ɰ] Voiced velar bunched approximant[ɹ̈] Voiceless velar fricative[x] Voiced velar fricative[ɣ] Voiceless uvular trill[ʀ̥] Voiced uvular trill[ʀ] Voiceless uvular fricative[χ] Voiced uvular fricative[ʁ] Voiced pharyngeal fricative[ʕ] Voiceless glottal fricative[h] Voiced glottal fricative[ɦ]
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)