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Avocational university oruniversity of applied sciences (UAS), less commonly called apolytechnic university[1] is an institution ofhigher education and increasingly research that provides applied professional education and grantsacademic degrees. It should not be confused withvocational schools ortechnical schools that do not meet the strict standards of higher education nor have the ability to grant officially accredited academic degrees.
In some countries, a vocational university more precisely grantsprofessional degrees like professional bachelor's degree, professional master's degree and professional doctorates. The term is not officially used in many countries, and an assignment to a certain type of university in a certain country's educational system is therefore difficult. The UK once had a very extensive vocational university sector with its polytechnic system dating back to the mid-19th century. Vocational universities are often regulated and funded differently (for example, by the local government rather than the state) from research-focused universities, and the degrees granted are not necessarily interchangeable.
The education at vocational universities combines teaching of both practical skills and theoretical expertise. It can be contrasted with education in a usually broaderscientific field, which may concentrate ontheory and abstractconceptual knowledge. There is also the historical background that an educational institution was called auniversity in theMiddle Ages only if a certain classicalcanon of subjects was taught (typically includingphilosophy,medicine andtheology). In modern times, other subjects, namelynatural andengineering sciences, became more important, but institutions oftertiary education focusing on these subjects and not offering the classical canon have been until recently or are still denied the prestigious denomination "university" in all countries. They had to use other, more general terms (which in many languages arefalse friends of the English term "high school", sometimes with modifiers), includingFachhochschule inGerman,Haute École inFrench (Belgium andSwitzerland),Hogeschool inDutch,Høyskole inNorwegian,Scuola universitaria professionale inItalian, etc.
There are different varieties, including vocational universities of applied sciences (also namedpolytechnics orinstitutes of technology), vocational universities of liberal arts, etc. In recent years, many vocational universities have received full university status, such as theUniversity of Music and Performing Arts Vienna,Austria (Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, formerly Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Wien), or theÖrebro University,Sweden (formerly Örebro Högskola). There are also some establishments which now have full university status but continue to use their former names, such as theRoyal Institute of Technology inStockholm,Sweden.
In Finland, vocational universities are calledAmmattikorkeakoulu (Yrkeshögskola in Swedish, translated "university of applied sciences", literally "vocational institution of higher education"). They focus on vocational education and do not grantlicentiate ordoctorate degrees.
Certain universities are calledkorkeakoulu because they effectively have only one faculty, e.g.Teatterikorkeakoulu, the Theatre Academy, whereas universities with several faculties are calledyliopisto. The termammattikorkeakoulu (AMK) creates some confusion withkorkeakoulu, because traditionally AMK's were not considered universities. A graduate of university of applied sciences (ammattikorkeakoulu) is eligible for doctoral studies in Finnish universities (yliopisto).
In France, the term "Grande École" is much more prestigious than "university". A "Grande École" is one of the types of higher education institution that can be similar to vocational universities, along withUniversities of Technology (UTs) andNational Polytechnic Institutes (INPs). According toCampus France, the government agency responsible for promotingFrench higher education abroad, thegrandes écoles represent "the French culture of excellence", while the universities offer higher education to all.[2]
The termvocational university is not used. In contrast to traditional German universities, aFachhochschule (translated "university of applied sciences") has a more practical profile. Universities of applied sciences grant academicbachelor's degrees andmaster's degrees. In a majority of federal states, research-intensive universities of applied sciences also have the permission to grantdoctoral degrees today. Otherwise, doctoral programs must be carried out in cooperation with degree-awarding institutions such as universities. Furthermore,Berufsakademie is a college type strongly inspired by thedual education system. ABerufsakademie is called auniversity of cooperative education in English and only grants bachelor's degrees. This type of institution was first created in theGerman state ofBaden-Württemberg and now exists inHamburg,Hesse,Lower Saxony,Saarland,Saxony,Schleswig-Holstein, andThuringia, but not in the other German states. In 2009, Baden-Württemberg transformed its Berufsakademie into a new type of institution, which until now only exists in that state, a "Duale Hochschule". In English, this type of institution is also calleduniversity of cooperative education, but a Duale Hochschule also offers master's degrees.
In Greece, comparable institutions to the vocational universities (or perhaps better to the universities of applied sciences) are the technological educational institutes (TEIs). These constitute part and parcel of the higher education in Greece and offer in their own capacity bachelor's and master's degrees, and soon doctorate degrees.[3]
On the other hand, the termcollege in Greece may refer, among others, to the institutions that are officially titled Centres of Post-lyceum (secondary) Education. These have a solely professional, i.e. non-academic, orientation according to existing Greek law, and are so far only private. However, they run in collaboration with foreign authorities, such as universities and accreditation organisations, that may recognise them academically. They may offerprofessional bachelor's degrees of minimum three years, as well as master's and doctorate degrees.
An Istituto tecnico superiore (abbreviated ITS – Higher Technical Institute) is an Italian tertiary educational institution. They were established in 2008, and are modelled on the Fachhochschule system of Germany. Programs have a duration of two or three years, and require a high school degree for access.
As of January 29, 2008, a Dutchhogeschool(HBO) may call itself a "university of applied sciences" in English.[4] Just like the German 'Fachhochschule', these HBO institutes firstly have a practical profile. They focus primarily on teaching thepracticing of a profession at the highest professional level and applied scientific research, at the state of the art. This as opposed to research universities (Dutch: "universiteiten"), that focus on the highest level of professional practice,as well as practicing theoretical research.[5] This so-called binary system of professional and academic education co-exists with upper secondary vocational education, which provides vocational education at EQF levels 1-4 for equal, similar or different professions.[6]
Universities of applied sciences offerassociate degrees,bachelor's degrees andmaster's degrees.[7] From 2022 onward there will be pilots onProfessional Doctorates.[8]Hogescholen in the Netherlands have been provided with the right to conduct research by the revised Higher Education and Research Act (WHOO) 2010.[9]
Examples:
The main difference between universities (universitet) and vocational universities (högskola, official translationuniversity college) is that only the former ones have the right to award doctorate degrees in all subjects they offer. Some vocational universities have been given such rights within limited areas of research.
China is home to the largest vocational education system in the world. In 2018,mainland China had a total of about 11,700 vocational schools.[10]
Examples:
In the 2023Policy Address, the government facilitates the establishment of universities of applied sciences (UAS), and strive to raise the status of vocational and professional education and training to attain qualifications at university degree level, closely collaborating with technical professions and offer programmes with more internship and practical learning opportunities, to help students hone their practical skills in the fields.[11] At 11 November 2024, the government launched the Alliance of Universities of Applied Sciences, comprising four post-secondary institutions as founding members, with the Hong Kong Metropolitan University and Saint Francis University as full members, andTung Wah College and the Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong as associate members.[12]
TheUniversity of Applied Science and Technology (UAST) is a public university administrated by Ministry of Science, Research and Technology with various branches all over the provinces of Iran. This university helps to increase skill level of employed personnel in various sectors of economic field and graduates of higher education and professional skills that are lacking in administrative. It is an educational system inspired and derived from 'Community College' in the United States. With more than 1500 education center in all corner of Iran. UAST confers degrees in over 100 programs at the associate, bachelor's and master's degree levels.
TheTechnical and Vocational University (TVU) is one of Institutes of Higher Education under control of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The university has more than 176 schools and colleges across the country and more than 220 thousand students is one of the largest universities in Iran.
There are five public vocational universities inMalaysia:
In 2009, the firstUniversity of Vocational Technology was established under the purview of the Ministry of Vocational and Technical Training. There are also nine College of Technology in Sri Lanka.[15]
In Taiwan, vocational university is calledUniversity of science and technology orUniversity of technology.
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