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| Vivaro-Alpine | |
|---|---|
| vivaroaupenc | |
| Native to | France,Italy |
| Region | Southern France,Occitan Valleys |
Indo-European
| |
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
08e | |
| Glottolog | viva1235 |
| ELP | Vivaro-Alpine |
| Linguasphere | & 51-AAA-gg 51-AAA-gf & 51-AAA-gg |
| IETF | oc-vivaraup[2][3] |
 Map of Vivaro-Alpine dialect. | |
 Vivaro-Alpine is classified as Definitely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) | |
Vivaro-Alpine (Occitan:vivaroalpenc,vivaroaupenc;French:vivaro-alpin,pronounced[vivaʁoalpɛ̃]) is a variety ofOccitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around theDauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (theOccitan Valleys ofPiedmont andLiguria).[4][5] There is also a small Vivaro-Alpine enclave in theGuardia Piemontese,Calabria, where the language is known asGardiol, whichGlottolog recognizes as a distinct language within the Occitanic language family.[6] It belongs to the Northern Occitan dialect bloc, along withAuvergnat andLimousin. The name “vivaro-alpine” was coined byPierre Bec in the 1970s.[7][8] The Vivaro-Alpine dialects are traditionally called "gavot" from theMaritime Alps to theHautes-Alpes.
Vivaro-Alpine had been considered as a sub-dialect ofProvençal, and namedprovençal alpin (Alpine Provençal) or Northern Provençal.[9]
Its use in theDauphiné area has also led to the use ofdauphinois ordauphinois alpin to name it.[10] Along with Ronjat[10] and Bec,[11] it is now clearly recognized as a dialect of its own.
TheUNESCO Atlas of World's languages in danger[12] uses theAlpine Provençal name, and considers it as seriously endangered.
Vivaro-Alpine is classified as an Indo-European, Italic, Romance, or Western-Romance language.[13]
Vivaro-Alpine shares the palatization of consonantsk andg in front ofa with the other varieties of North Occitan (Limosino, Alverniate), in particular with words such aschantar ("cantare", to sing) andjai ("ghiandaia", jay). Southern Occitan has, respectively,cantar andgai.
Its principal characteristic is the dropping of simple Latin dental intervocalics:
The verbal ending of the first person is -o (like in Italian, Catalan, Castilian, and Portuguese, but also in Piemontese, which is neighboring):parlo forparli orparle ("io parlo"),parlavo forparlavi orparlave ("io parlavo"),parlèro forparlèri orparlère ("io ho parlato, io parlavo").
A common trait is the rhotacism of l (shift from l to r):
In the dialects of the Alps, Vivaro-Alpine maintained the pronunciation of ther of the infinitive verbs (excepting modern Occitan).[14]
An estimated 70% of languages are estimated to have "interrogative intonation contours which end with rising pitch." However, Vivaro Alpine follows the opposite pattern with yes/no questions—an initial high tone followed by a fall. Questions that end in a rising pitch are so common that they are often considered "natural." One reason that questions begin with a high tone in some languages is that the listener is immediately being alerted to the fact that they are being asked a question.
Vivaro-Alpine is an endangered language. There are approximately 200,000 native speakers of the language worldwide. Transmission of the language is very low. Speakers of Vivaro-Alpine typically also speak either French or Italian.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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