TheVirgin Earth Challenge was a competition offering a $25 million prize for whoever could demonstrate a commercially viable design which results in thepermanent removal ofgreenhouse gases out of theEarth's atmosphere to contribute materially inglobal warming avoidance.[1] The prize was conceived byRichard Branson, and was announced inLondon on 9 February 2007 by Branson and formerUSVice PresidentAl Gore.[2]
Among more than 2600 applications, 11 finalists were announced on 2 November 2011. These were Biochar Solutions, from the US;Biorecro, Sweden; Black Carbon, Denmark;Carbon Engineering, Canada;Climeworks, Switzerland; COAWAY, US; Full Circle Biochar, US; Global Thermostat, US; Kilimanjaro Energy, US; Smartstones – Olivine Foundation, Netherlands, and The Savory Institute, US.[3]
The prize was never awarded. In 2019, Virgin took the prize website offline after having kept the 11 finalists in suspension for eight years. Al Gore had withdrawn from the jury earlier and commented that he was not part of the decision to discontinue the contest.[4]
The Prize was to be awarded to "a commercially viable design which, achieves or appears capable of achieving thenet removal of significant volumes of anthropogenic, atmosphericGHGs each year for at least 10 years", with significant volumes specified as "should be scalable to a significant size in order to meet the informal removal target of 1 billion tonnes of carbon-equivalent per year".[5] One tonne ofcarbon-equivalent (C) equals 3.67 tonnes ofcarbon dioxide (CO2). (Because of the relationship between theiratomic weights, more precisely 44/12.) At present,fossil fuel emissions are around 6.3 gigatons of carbon.[6]
The prize would initially only be open for five years, with ideas assessed by a panel of judges including Richard Branson, Al Gore andCrispin Tickell (British diplomat), as well asscientistsJames E. Hansen,James Lovelock andTim Flannery. The prize term was extended until 2019.
Around two hundred billion metric tons of carbon dioxide have accumulated in the atmosphere since the beginning of theIndustrial Revolution, raising concentrations by more than 100 parts per million (ppm), from 280 to more than 380 ppm. The Virgin Earth Challenge was intended to inspireinventors to find ways of bringing that back down again to avoid the dangerous levels ofglobal warming andsea level rise predicted by organisations such as theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
The Virgin Earth Challenge was similar in concept to other high technology competitions, such as theOrteig Prize for flying across theAtlantic, and theAnsari X Prize forspaceflight.
The eleven finalists represent five competing technologies, some being represented by multiple finalists.
Biochar, created bypyrolysis of biomass. Pyrolysis is a process where biomass is partially combusted in an oxygen-limited environment, which produces a char rich in carbon. This char can be distributed in soils as asoil amendment.[7]
Finalists competing with biochar designs:
Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) combines combustion or processing of biomass withgeologiccarbon capture and storage. BECCS is applied to industries such as electrical power, combined heat and power, pulp and paper, ethanol production, andbiogas production.
There is 550 000 tonnes CO2/year in total BECCS capacity operating, divided between three different facilities (as of January 2012).[8][9][10][11][12]
BECCS was pointed out in theIPCC Fourth Assessment Report by theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a key technology for reaching low carbon dioxide atmospheric concentration targets.[13] The negative emissions that can be produced by BECCS has been estimated by theRoyal Society to be equivalent to a 50 to 150ppm decrease inglobal atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations[14] and according to theInternational Energy Agency, the BLUE mapclimate change mitigation scenario calls for more than 2 gigatonnes of negative CO2 emissions per year with BECCS in 2050.[15] According to theOECD, "Achieving lower concentration targets (450 ppm) depends significantly on the use ofBECCS".[16]
Thesustainable technical potential for net negative emissions with BECCS has been estimated to 10 Gt of CO2 equivalent annually, with an economic potential of up to 3.5 Gt of CO2 equivalent annually at a cost of less than 50 €/tonne, and up to 3.9 Gt of CO2 equivalent annually at a cost of less than 100 €/tonne.[17]
Imperial College London, the UKMet OfficeHadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, theTyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, the Walker Institute for Climate System Research, and theGrantham Institute for Climate Change issued a joint report on carbon dioxide removal technologies as part of theAVOID: Avoiding dangerous climate change research program, stating that "Overall, of the technologies studied in this report,BECCS has the greatest maturity and there are no major practical barriers to its introduction into today’s energy system. The presence of a primary product will support early deployment."[18]
Finalist competing with BECCS design:
Direct Air Capture is the process of capturing carbon dioxide directly from ambient air using solvents, filters or other methods. Subsequent to being captured, the carbon dioxide would be stored withcarbon capture and storage technologies to keep it permanently out of the atmosphere.[14][19]
Finalists competing with direct air capture designs:
Enhanced weathering refers to a chemical approach to in-situ carbonation of silicates, where carbon dioxide is combined through natural weathering processes with mined minerals, such asolivine. The idea was based on the work of Dutch geoscientist Olaf Schuiling, whose ideas continue to be explored in the Netherlands, with promising results.[20][21]
Finalist competing with enhanced weathering design:
Changedmanagement methods for grasslands can significantly increase the uptake of carbon dioxide into the soil, creating acarbon sink. This and other land use change methods is not generally considered amongnegative emission technologies because of uncertain long-term sequestration permanence.[14]
Finalist competing with grassland restoration design:
The finalists who were announced in 2011 were kept in suspension for nine years, with many additional requests for information and data, as contestant Global Thermostat reported.[4] Another contestant,Carbon Engineering received notification in 2019 that they fulfilled all technical criteria and were selected for the final judgment.[4] Subsequently they were informed that the prize was "indefinitely put on hold". At the end of 2019, the prize was discontinued and the website taken offline. Carbon Engineering was informed by the Virgin Earth Challenge that "the market conditions necessary to support commercial and sustainable investment in the relevantcarbon removal techniques were not foreseeable". Nevertheless, Carbon Engineering had raised 95 million dollar in investments by other parties, including Bill Gates. ContestantGraciela Chichilnisky ofGlobal Thermostat, anotherdirect air capture contestant, who had raised 60 million dollars in investments from other parties, expressed strong criticism in Dutch daily Volkskrant: "If you want to encourage scientific progress with a prize, it's not enough to open your mouth and say "25 million dollars." None of the 11 finalists received any funding or concrete help from Virgin during the 13 years of assessment.[4]
Since the Virgin Earth Challenge, two new multimillion climate technology contests have been announced. In 2015,NRG COSIA Carbon XPRIZE was launched. It awards $20 million to "breakthrough technologies to convert CO2 emissions into usable products". The prize focuses on commercial exploitation of the carbon capture process. The prize will be awarded in the winter of 2021.[25] In 2021,Elon Musk ofTesla Inc announced a $100 million prize for development of the best technology to capture carbon dioxide emissions.[26]
