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Since the introduction of the first Lego weapon in 1978,Lego has been criticised for the presence of weaponry and, consequently, the levels of violence presented within its product range. The relationship between Lego and violence has been a source of controversy, despite the fact thatThe Lego Group has maintained an ethos of not producing products that promote violence. The presence of toy weapons in Lego construction toys has increased over the years, with the introduction of many types of weapons across a variety ofLego themes.
The presence of Lego guns in the history of the company can be traced back to the immediate post-war years, followingWorld War II. Lego was still making wooden toys until 1947, when the company purchased a plastic injection moulding machine. From 1945 onwards, Lego began producing a wooden version of a toy pistol. The company then applied for a patent of the model in 1946. A plastic version of a rapid-firing pistol began to be manufactured in 1949.[1]
When Lego was first introduced in the United States through a deal withSamsonite in 1962, the company's advertising rejected military themes, due to the increasing anxiety in the population over theVietnam War. Lego products did not include dull green colours, unless used in trees and green base plates, in order to make it more difficult for children to build military vehicles. Lego advertising focused instead on creativity and free-thinking. A promotional Lego System Assortment 1968 UK catalogue stated, "A good toy is one which gives free reign [sic] to a child's natural creativity and does what he wants it to do."[2]
The Lego Group has maintained its long-standing policy of avoiding the manufacture of realistic modern weaponry. In a 2010 Lego report, the company stated, "The basic aim is to avoid realistic weapons and military equipment that children may recognize from hot spots around the world and to refrain from showing violent or frightening situations when communicating about LEGO products. At the same time, the purpose is for the LEGO brand not to be associated with issues that glorify conflicts and unethical or harmful behavior". However, over the course of the company's history, the presence of weapons in Lego sets has increased. In 1978, Lego weapons were introduced into theLego Castle theme, which included a sword, a halberd and a lance. Other Lego themes were released in later years which included weapon elements. In 1989, theLego Pirates theme introduced handguns and cannons, and this trend continued withBionicle sets in 2005 and 2006.[3]
The increased presence of weaponry in Lego sets can be partly attributed to the popularity of movie-themed sets, such asLegoStar Wars. TheStar Warsfilms clearly featured numerous weapons and parents raised concerns about its level of violence. When Lego won theStar Wars franchise and began to produce LegoStar Wars sets in 1999, parents complained that the company was abandoning its pacifist ideals. However, thelightsabers andblasters produced in the sets were all fantasy weapons and clearly distinct from real weapons.[2]
The increase of Lego guns and other forms of weaponry in Lego sets has been a continued source of controversy. In May 2016, researchers at theUniversity of Canterbury published a report in the scientific journalPLOS One,[4] which concluded that Lego had become "significantly more violent" after the research found that the violence of products highlighted in Lego catalogues had increased by 19 per cent every year from 1978 to 2014. The research also stated that almost 30 per cent of Lego sets included at least one weapon brick.[5] The researchers used theBricklink website, which catalogues every part used in every Lego set since 1949 and also examined 1,500 images from Lego catalogues since 1979. On balance, the report also noted, "It is unlikely that the LEGO company is the only toy manufacturer whose products have become increasingly violent; for instance, Oppel has already provided initial evidence thatPlaymobil has followed a similar trajectory... The question remains, though, why violence has increased so much in general."[6][4] The research did not assess whether the increase had any influence on violent behaviour in children.[7]
Gary Cross, a professor of history atPennsylvania State University remarked that Lego's expansion of weaponry in its products was the result of direct competition following a surge in the popularity ofaction-figure toys in the 1980s and also from video game companies, such asNintendo andSega. Lego's toy weapons may have simply been a symptom of the general rise of violence in pop-culture.[8]
Lego has countered its criticism by stating that it makes a clear distinction between conflict and violence. Amanda Santorum, a brand manager at Lego said, "we do not make products that promote or encourage violence. Weapon-like elements in a Lego set are part of a fantasy/imaginary setting, and not a realistic daily-life scenario."[8]
Various custom builders of Lego, entrepreneurs and small companies have attempted to fill the gaps in the company's inventory of Lego weapons, often ignoring the company's ethos regarding Lego guns and modern military equipment. A British teenager named Jack Streat built a series of working Lego guns, including a replicaLee–Enfield bolt-action rifle.[9] He also produced a book titled,LEGO Heavy Weapons.[10] An adult fan of Lego (AFOL) named Will Chapman designed and cast his own non-functional toy guns using constructed aluminium moulds from aCNC mill andinjection-molded plastic from melted-down Lego bricks.[11]
