As an informal leader of the Ukrainian opposition coalition, he was one of the two main candidates in the2004 Ukrainian presidential election, the other being Prime MinisterViktor Yanukovych. During the election campaign in late 2004, Yushchenko became the victim of an assassination attempt when he was poisoned withdioxin. He suffered disfigurement as a result of the poisoning, but survived. Therunoff election in November 2004, won by Yanukovych, was marred by widespread accusations ofelection fraud, leading to theOrange Revolution and an order by theUkrainian Supreme Court to repeat the vote. Yushchenko won the revote 52% to 44%.
Yushchenko's influence declined soon after assuming the presidency, especially after falling out with his prime minister and leading political allyYulia Tymoshenko, as did his and his party's popularity and electoral standing. The rest of his presidency was marked by infighting, legislative deadlock and coalition crisesin 2007 andin 2008. He lost re-election to Yanukovych in the2010 Ukrainian presidential election, finishing in fifth place in the first round with 5.5% of the vote. Yushchenko again ledOur Ukraine in the2012 parliamentary election, but they failed to win representation.
Yushchenko was born on 23 February 1954, inKhoruzhivka,Sumy Oblast,Ukrainian SSR,Soviet Union, into a family of teachers. His father, Andriy Andriyovych Yushchenko (1919–1992) fought in theSecond World War, was captured by German forces and imprisoned as aPOW in a series ofconcentration camps in the German Reich, includingAuschwitz-Birkenau. His father survived the ordeal, and after returning home taught English at a local school.[1]
Viktor's mother, Varvara Tymofiyovna Yushchenko (1918–2005), taught physics and mathematics at the same school. The Sumy Oblast region where he was born is predominantly Ukrainian-speaking, and this differentiated him in later life from his political counterparts, for whom Russian was the mother tongue.[1]
In 1976, Yushchenko began a career in banking.[2] In 1983, he became the Deputy Director for Agricultural Credit at the Ukrainian Republican Office of the Soviet Union State Bank.[2] From 1990 to 1993, he worked as vice-chairman and first vice-chairman of the JSC Agroindustrial BankUkraina. In 1993, he was appointed Governor of theNational Bank of Ukraine (Ukraine'scentral bank).[2] In 1997,Verkhovna Rada, the parliament of Ukraine, re-appointed him.
As a central banker, Yushchenko played an important part in the creation ofUkraine's nationalcurrency, thehryvnia, and the establishment of a modern regulatory system for commercial banking. He also successfully overcame a debilitating wave ofhyper-inflation that hit the country—he brought inflation down from more than 10,000 percent to less than 10 percent—and managed to defend the value of the currency following the1998 Russian financial crisis.
In 1998, he wrote a thesis entitled "The Development of Supply and Demand of Money in Ukraine" and defended it in theUkrainian Academy of Banking. He thereby earned a doctorate in economics.
Ukraine's economy improved during Yushchenko's cabinet service. However, his government, particularly Deputy Prime MinisterYulia Tymoshenko, soon became embroiled in a confrontation with influential leaders of thecoal mining andnatural gas industries. The conflict resulted in ano-confidence vote by the parliament on 26 April 2001,[3] orchestrated by theCommunist Party of Ukraine, who opposed Yushchenko's economic policies, and by centrist groups associated with the country's powerful "oligarchs." The vote passed 263 to 187 and resulted in Yushchenko's removal from office.
Yushchenko with fellow opposition leaderOleksandr Moroz during theOrange Revolution, 2004Yushchenko's approval rating stood at 7% as of October 2009 according toFOM-Ukraine polling results.[4]
In 2002, Yushchenko became the leader of theOur Ukraine (Nasha Ukrayina) politicalcoalition, which received a plurality ofseats in the year'sparliamentary election. However, the number of seats won was not a majority, and efforts to form a majority coalition with otheropposition parties failed. Since then, Yushchenko has remained the leader and public face of the Our Ukraine parliamentaryfaction.[citation needed]
In 2001, both Yushchenko and Tymoshenko broached at creating a broad opposition bloc against the incumbent President Kuchma in order to win theUkrainian presidential election 2004.[5]
In late 2002 Yushchenko,Oleksandr Moroz (Socialist Party of Ukraine),Petro Symonenko (Communist Party of Ukraine) and Tymoshenko (Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc) issued a joint statement concerning "the beginning of a state revolution in Ukraine". Though the communists stepped out of the alliance and though Symonenko opposed having one single candidate from the alliance in the 2004 presidential election, the other three parties remained allies[6] until July 2006.[7]
On 2 July 2004, Our Ukraine and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc established theForce of the people, a coalition which aimed to stop "the destructive process that has, as a result of theincumbent authorities, become a characteristic for Ukraine", at the time Kuchma and Yanukovych were the incumbent authorities in Ukraine. The pact included a promise by Yushchenko to nominate Tymoshenko as prime minister if he won the October 2004 presidential election.[5]
Yushchenko was widely regarded as the moderate political leader of the anti-Kuchma opposition, since other opposition parties were less influential and had fewer seats in parliament. Since becoming President of Ukraine in 2005, he has been an honorary leader of theOur Ukraine party.
From 2001 to 2004, his rankings in popularity polls were higher than those of Kuchma. In later public opinion polls, though, his support plummeted from a high of 52% following his election in 2004 to below 4%.[8][9][10]
However, in the parliamentary elections of March 2006, the Our Ukraine party, led by Prime MinisterYuriy Yekhanurov, received less than 14% of the national vote, taking third place behind theParty of Regions and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc. In a poll by the Sofia Social Research Centre between 27 July and 7 August 2007 more than 52% of those polled said they distrusted Yushchenko while 48% said they trusted him.[11]
In 2004, as Kuchma's term came to an end, Yushchenko announced his candidacy for president as anindependent. His major rival was Prime MinisterViktor Yanukovych. Since his term as prime minister, Yushchenko had slightly modernized his political platform, adding social partnership and otherliberal slogans to older ideas ofEuropean integration, including Ukraine's joiningNATO and fightingcorruption. Supporters of Yushchenko were organized in the "Syla Narodu" ("Power to the People") electoral coalition, which he and his political allies led, with the Our Ukraine coalition as the main constituent force.
Yushchenko built hiscampaign on face-to-face communication with voters, since the government prevented most major TV channels from providing equal coverage to candidates.[12][13] Meanwhile, his rival, Yanukovych, frequently appeared in the news and even accused Yushchenko, whose father was a Red Army soldier imprisoned atAuschwitz, of being "aNazi,"[14][15] even though Yushchenko actively reached out to theJewish community in Ukraine and his mother is said to have risked her life by hiding three Jewish girls for one and a half years during the Second World War.[16]
Left to right: Viktor Yushchenko before the poisoning (2004), and after (2006), withchloracne from hisTCDD poisoning.
Yushchenko became seriously ill in early September 2004. He was flown toVienna's Rudolfinerhaus clinic for treatment and diagnosed withacute pancreatitis, accompanied by interstitial edematous abnormalities, due to a serious viral infection and chemical substances that are not normally found in food products. Yushchenko claimed that he had been poisoned by government agents. After the illness, his face has shown signs ofchloracne.
BritishtoxicologistProfessor John Henry ofSt Mary's Hospital in London declared the abnormalities in Yushchenko's face were due to chloracne, which results fromdioxin poisoning.[17] Dutch toxicologist Bram Brouwer also stated his abnormalities in appearance were the result of chloracne, and found dioxin levels in Yushchenko's blood 6,000 times above normal.[18]
On 11 December, Michael Zimpfer of the Rudolfinerhaus clinic declared that Yushchenko had ingestedTCDD dioxin and had 1,000 times the usual concentration in his body.[19]
Many have linked Yushchenko's poisoning to a dinner with a group of senior Ukrainian officials (includingVolodymyr Satsyuk) that took place on 5 September.[17][18][19]
Since 2005, Yushchenko has been treated by a team of doctors led by Professor Jean Saurat at theUniversity of Geneva Hospital.[20] Analysis of Yushchenko's body fluids and tissues provided useful information on the human toxicokinetics of TCDD and its metabolites.[21]
Yushchenko himself implicatedDavyd Zhvania, the godfather of one of his children, of involvement in his dioxin poisoning.[22]
In August 2009,The Lancet published a scientific paper by Swiss and Ukrainian researchers on the monitoring, form, distribution, and elimination of2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) in Yushchenko in relation to his severe poisoning. The 2004 TCDD levels in Yushchenko's blood serum were 50,000 times greater than those in the general population.[21] This new study also concluded that the dioxin "was so pure that it was definitely made in a laboratory".[23]
On 27 September 2009, Yushchenko said in an interview aired onChannel 1+1 that the testimony of three men who were at a dinner in 2004 at which he believes he was poisoned is crucial to finishing the investigation, and he claimed these men were in Russia. Ukrainian prosecutors said Russia has refused to extradite one of the men, the former deputy chief ofUkraine's security service, Volodymyr Satsyuk, because he holds bothRussian andUkrainian citizenship.[24] Satsyuk returned to Ukraine in 2012 and tried to relaunch his political career, but did not succeed.[25]
At 12 pm (Kyiv time) on 23 January 2005 theinauguration of Yushchenko as the President of Ukraine took place.[26] The event was attended by numerous foreign dignitaries.[27][28]
Yushchenko meeting U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bush at an April 2005 press conference.
The first hundred days of Yushchenko's term, 23 January 2005 through 1 May 2005, were marked by numerous dismissals and appointments at all levels of the executive branch. He appointed Tymoshenko as prime minister and the appointment was ratified by parliament.Oleksandr Zinchenko was appointed the head of thepresidential secretariat with a nominal title of Secretary of State.Petro Poroshenko, a fierce competitor of Tymoshenko for the post of prime minister, was appointed Secretary of theSecurity and Defense Council.
In May 2005, Ukraine hosted theEurovision Song Contest in the capital ofKyiv. Some accused Yushchenko of attempting to gain political capital from the event, with his appearance on stage at the end criticised as 'undignified' by certain commentators.[29] During 2005, Yushchenko was in confident mood, making such pledges as solving theGongadze case to the removal of Russia'sBlack Sea Fleet.[30]
In August 2005, Yushchenko joined withGeorgian PresidentMikheil Saakashvili in signing theBorjomi Declaration, which called for the creation of an institution of international cooperation, theCommunity of Democratic Choice, to bring together the democracies and incipient democracies in the region around the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas. The first meeting of presidents and leaders to discuss the CDC took place on 1–2 December 2005 in Kyiv.
According to former Security Service of Ukraine ChairmanOleksandr Turchynov, in the summer of 2005 Yushchenko prevented an investigation into allegedly fraudulent practices in the transport ofTurkmen natural gas to Ukraine and the arrest ofYuri Boyko forabuse of office while headingNaftogaz.[31][32]
On 8 September 2005, Yushchenko firedhis government, led by Tymoshenko, after resignations and claims of corruption. On 9 September, acting Prime Minister Yekhanurov tried to form a new government.[33] His first attempt, on 20 September, fell short by 3 votes of the necessary 226, but on 22 September the parliament ratified his government with 289 votes.
Also in September 2005, former presidentLeonid Kravchuk accused exiled Russian tycoonBoris Berezovsky of financing Yushchenko's presidential election campaign, and provided copies of documents showing money transfers from companies he said were controlled by Berezovsky to companies controlled by Yushchenko's official backers. Berezovsky confirmed that he met Yushchenko's representatives in London before the election, and that the money was transferred from his companies, but he refused to confirm or deny that the money was used in Yushchenko's campaign. Financing of election campaigns by foreign citizens is illegal in Ukraine.
In August 2006, Yushchenko appointed his onetime opponent in the presidential race, Yanukovych, to be the new prime minister. This was generally regarded as indicating a rapprochement with Russia.[34]
Yushchenko meeting German ChancellorAngela Merkel inEPP Summit in Meise, 21 June 2007
On 2 April 2007, Yushchenko signed an order to dissolve the parliament and call early elections.[35][36] Some consider the dissolution order illegal because none of the conditions spelled out underArticle 90 of theConstitution of Ukraine for the president to dissolve the legislature had been met. Yushchenko's detractors argued that he was attempting to usurp the functions of theConstitutional Court by claiming constitutional violations by the parliament as a pretext for his action. The parliament appealed the Constitutional Court itself and promised to abide by its ruling.[37]
In the meantime, the parliament continued to meet and banned the financing of anynew election pending the Constitutional Court's decision. Competing protests took place and the crisis escalated. In May 2007, Yushchenko illegally dismissed three members of Ukraine's Constitutional Court, thus preventing the court from ruling on the constitutionality of his decree dismissing Ukraine's parliament.[37]
Second dissolution of Parliament and conflict with Tymoshenko (2008–2009)
Yushchenko andYulia Tymoshenko representing their parties ("Our Ukraine" and "Fatherland") at the Summit ofEuropean People's Party, Lisbon, Portugal, 18 October 2007
Yushchenko again tried to dissolve the parliament on 9 October 2008 by announcing parliamentary elections to be held on 7 December. Yushchenko's decree was suspended and subsequently lapsed. Yushchenko in defense of his actions said, "I am deeply convinced that the democratic coalition was ruined by one thing alone—human ambition. The ambition of one person." Political groups including members of his own Our Ukraine party contested the election decree and politicians vowed to challenge it in the courts.[38][39]
Yushchenko in March 2009
In December 2008, following a back room revolt from members of Our Ukraine-Peoples' Self Defense Party a revised coalition was formed between members of Our Ukraine (OU-PSD), theBloc of Yulia Tymoshenko (BYuT), and theLytvyn Bloc (LB), increasing the size of the governing coalition by an additional 20 members. Yushchenko in responding to journalists questions claimed "The fact is that the so-called coalition was formed on basis of political corruption, this coalition will be able to work only if the Communist Party will join it. Speaking about such a type of coalition, it is even more shameful." Yushchenko also stated that Tymoshenko's desire to keep her job as Prime Minister was the main motive for creating the coalition and that he wanted to expel the OU-PSD lawmakers who supported the creation of the coalition from the list of members of parliament.[40][41]
Yushchenko claimed (19 March 2009) that his conflicts with Tymoshenko are not due to personal differences, but to the incompleteness of the constitutional reforms of 2004.[42]
On 23 July 2009, under the terms of Ukraine's Constitution the president cannot dismiss the parliament within six months from the expiration of his five-year term of authority, which ended on 23 January 2010.
Viktor Yushchenko (first round) – percentage of total national vote (5.5%)
On 10 November 2009, Yushchenko was nominated for a second term aspresident, with the election to be held on 17 January 2010.[43] In late November 2009, he stated he was going to leave politics after his possible second term.[44] During the campaign, Yushchenko claimed that his fellow candidates "Tymoshenko and Yanukovych are not ideologists who care about the fate of Ukraine and its interests. They are two political adventurers" and that Ukraine's independence and sovereignty were at the time more jeopardized than five to ten years earlier.[45]
The first round of the elections took place on 17 January 2010, and Yushchenko dropped to a distant fifth place with only 5.45% of the vote.[46][47] His result became the worst result for any sitting president.[48]
Yushchenko stated that he wanted to continue to defend democracy in Ukraine[49] and that he wanted to return to the presidency.[50]
On 22 January 2010, as outgoing President, Yushchenko officially rehabilitated one of Ukraine's most controversial figures from the era of World War II, the ultranationalist leaderStepan Bandera, awarding him the title ofHero of Ukraine.[51][52] Yushchenko's decision immediately caused an uproar and was condemned by theEuropean Parliament and Russian, Polish, and Jewish organizations[53][54][55][56] and was declared illegal by the following Ukrainian government and a court decision in April 2010. In January 2011, the award was officially annulled.[57]
In the second round of Ukraine's presidential election, Yushchenko did not support either of the candidates, Yanukovych or Tymoshenko.[58]
Yushchenko attributed his low popularity ratings to his adherence to his principles.[59] "Ukraine is a European democratic country", Yushchenko said at the polling station. "It is a free nation and free people."[60] In the following days, he said that "Ukraine doesn't have a decent choice" for his replacement. "Both candidates are alienated from national, European, and democratic values. I don't see a principal difference between them." However, his low approval ratings may also be attributable to his tacit support for his former adversary Yanukovych[61] between rounds one and two. Yushchenko removed the Kharkiv and Dniproptrovsk governors, who had expressed support for Tymoshenko and had refused to provide administrative resources for Yanukovych's campaign.[citation needed][original research?]
Yushchenko did not attend the inauguration ceremony of Yanukovych.[62]
On 10 March 2010, Yushchenko indicated his future plans would largely depend on Yanukovych's performance.[63] A day earlier, Yushchenko's former ally turned rival, Tymoshenko, took up the mantle as leader of the democratic opposition. But Yushchenko warned that her leadership would end in disaster, noting, "[e]very political force that united with Tymoshenko ended badly."[63] On 31 May 2010 Yushchenko stated that Tymoshenko was his "worst mistake": "The most serious mistake was to give power to her twice".[64]
Later career including 2012 parliamentary elections
Yushchenko testified against his former ally Tymoshenko duringher trial overa 2009 natural gas treaty she brokered with Russia; a trial he called "a normal judicial process".[65][66] Yushchenko's view differed from that of theEuropean Union's (EU) foreign policy chiefCatherine Ashton, who said in a statement the Tymoshenko verdict showed justice was being applied "selectively in politically motivated prosecutions".[66]
Late September 2011 Yushchenko stated he intended to run for parliament on an Our Ukraine party ticket at the2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections.[65][67] Mid-February 2012 Yushchenko stated he was ready to take part in this election on a list of theunited opposition, but not in amajority constituency.[68] In these election Yushchenko headed the election list of Our Ukraine;[69] the party won 1.11% of the national votes and noconstituencies and thus failed to win parliamentary representation.[70][71]
In an interview with the French radio stationEurope 1 in March 2014, Yushchenko stated that he supported theEuromaidan protests and opposed theRussian invasion in Crimea, noting that in his view "Putin dreams of reconstructing theSoviet empire under the name ofRussia.[73] He is so obsessed with this that he hasn't understood power balance."[73] He further stated that "Crimea isn't Russian; rather it is Ukrainian".
With regard to the 2014 presidential election, Yushchenko indicated his support forVitali Klitschko, and described Tymoshenko as "the candidate of Moscow".[73] Yushchenko himself did not stand as a candidate in these elections.[74]
In a 2024 interview, Yushchenko criticized theUS Congress's delay in approving military aid to Ukraine, describing it as “a colossal waste of time” that allowed Russia to “attack, ruin infrastructure, rampage all over Ukraine”. He also supported PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy's handling of the situation and opposed giving up territory to end the war, saying that it would give Vladimir Putin "five or seven years to get stronger and then start this misery again".[75] In 2025, Yushchenko stated that even the liberation of Ukrainian territory in itsinternationally recognized borders would not guarantee Ukrainian security, which can only be achieved with the liquidation ofPutin's regime inMoscow.[76]
On 31 March 2009, in his address to the nation before Parliament, Yushchenko proposed sweeping government reform changes and an economic and social plan to ameliorate current economic conditions in Ukraine and apparently to respond to standing structural problems in Ukraine's political system.
The proposal, which Yushchenko called a 'next big step forward for fairness and prosperity in Ukraine' included the following proposals:[77]
Restore financial stability in the country by implementing theInternational Monetary Fund reforms and a balanced budget
Actions by theUkrainian Insurgent Army have been praised by Yushchenko,[80] and he has tried to give anti-Sovietpartisans who fought in World War II the status of war veterans.[81]
According to Yushchenko the difficulties ofrelations between Ukraine and Russia are because the countries follow different directions and have different system of values.[82] Yushchenko thinks that "theRussia-Georgia war of August 2008 poses a threat that European leaders still haven't addressed". He has called for ademarcation ofborders between Russia and Ukraine, which has been delayed by Russia since Ukraine won independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[83]
During thecampaign for the Ukrainian presidential election, 2010 Yushchenko said Russia's influence was again a factor in the upcoming election and warned of "interference" from Moscow in the distribution ofRussian passports to residents of Crimea.[84] He stated (on 10 December 2009) "Russia is a friendly country and that it would be a great mistake for Ukraine to lose these relations or to slow down their development; I believe that there will appear politicians in Russia, who will respect the rights of all neighbors, including Ukraine".[85]
Yushchenko's 2010 presidential election program promised visa-free travel with EU, the withdrawal of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation by 2017 and "an active dialogue with all of Ukraine's neighbours based on the principles of equal rights, good neighbourly relations and mutual trust", but did not mention NATO membership.[86] Yushchenko also believed that the2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis could be tackled with the help of reconstruction, including road reconstruction.[87] The program banned tax collection in advance, would return non-reimbursed VAT, create equal tax rules for everybody and stop government interference in certain enterprises and whole sectors of the economy.[88]
Yushchenko considers anopen list of candidates for parliamentary elections as one of the conditions for eradicating corruption.[89]
On 2 March 2022, Yushchenko described Russia after its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 as "the Moscow junta and the Russian fascist regime".[90]
A practicing member of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church,[92] Yushchenko often emphasizes the important role of his religious convictions in his life and worldview.
Yushchenko has been criticized for using manywords of Russian origin when speakingUkrainian.[93][94] His main hobbies areUkrainian traditional culture (includingart,ceramics, andarchaeology),mountaineering, andbeekeeping. He is keen on painting, collects antiques, folk artifacts, and Ukrainian national dress, and restores objects ofTrypillya culture. Each year he climbsHoverla, Ukraine's highest mountain. After receiving a checkup in which doctors determined he was healthy despite the previous year's dioxin poisoning, he successfully climbed the mountain again on 16 July 2005.[citation needed]
As a politician, Yushchenko is widely perceived as a mixture of Western-oriented and Ukrainiannationalist. He advocates moving Ukraine in the direction of Europe and NATO, promoting free market reforms, preserving Ukraine's culture, rebuilding important historical monuments, and remembering Ukraine's history, including the famine of 1932–1933, commonly referred to as TheHolodomor. His opponents (and allies) sometimes criticize him for indecision and secrecy, while his advocates argue that the same attributes indicate Yushchenko's commitment to teamwork,consensus, and negotiation. He is also often accused of being unable to form a unified team without infighting.[citation needed]
Yushchenko's formerMinister of Internal AffairsYuriy Lutsenko, while awaiting trial on corruption charges for which he was subsequently convicted, accused Yushchenko of betraying the Orange Revolution by bringing Yanukovych to power.[96][dead link]
In March 2009, Yushchenko's popularity plunged to just 22%.[98] According to a poll carried out by theKyiv International Institute of Sociology between 29 January and 5 February 2009, nearly 70% of Ukrainian voters believed that Yushchenko should leave his post, whereas just over 30% believed he should stay. When asked if Yushchenko should be impeached, over 56% of those polled were in favor with 44% against.[99]
According to a public opinion poll conducted byFOM-Ukraine in September/October 2009, 88.5% of those polled did not support the actions of Yushchenko as president, while 11.5% welcomed them.[100] ARazumkov Center opinion poll conducted in October 2011 told that 80% of Ukrainians did not support his actions, while 20% of Ukrainians supported his actions; it was the highest negative rating of any Ukrainian politician.[101]
Croatia: Knight Grand Cross of theGrand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Ukraine." – 6 June 2007)
Yushchenko was named "Man of the Year 2004" byWprost and included in the 2005Time 100, an annual list ofTime' 100 most influential people in the world.
^abO Sorg; M Zennegg; P Schmid; R Fedosyuk; R Valikhnovskyi; O Gaide; V Kniazevych; J-H Saurat (2009). "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) poisoning in Victor Yushchenko: identification and measurement of TCDD metabolites".The Lancet.374 (9696):1179–85.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60912-0.PMID19660807.S2CID24761553.
^Narvselius, Eleonora (2012). "The 'Bandera Debate': The Contentious Legacy of World War II and Liberalization of Collective Memory in Western Ukraine".Canadian Slavonic Papers.54 (3–4):469–490.doi:10.1080/00085006.2012.11092718.ISSN0008-5006.S2CID154360507.
1Presidents of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile.2 Chairman of the Ukrainian National Council.3During the Soviet period the republican leader was the 1st secretary of the party, while a head of state de jure was the chairman of the parliament's presidium.
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