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Video game design is the process of designing the rules and content ofvideo games in thepre-production stage[1] and designing the gameplay, environment, storyline and characters in theproduction stage. Some common video game design subdisciplines are world design, level design, system design, content design, and user interface design. Within thevideo game industry, video game design is usually just referred to as "game design", which is a more general term elsewhere.
Thevideo game designer is like the director of a film; the designer is the visionary of the game and controls the artistic and technical elements of the game in fulfillment of their vision.[2] However, with complex games, such asMMORPGs or a big budget action or sports title, designers may number in the dozens. In these cases, there are generally one or two principal designers and multiple junior designers who specify subsets or subsystems of the game. As the industry has aged and embraced alternative production methodologies such asagile, the role of a principal game designer has begun to separate - some studios emphasizing theauteur model while others emphasizing a more team oriented model. In larger companies likeElectronic Arts, each aspect of the game (control, level design) may have a separate producer, lead designer and several general designers.
Video game design requires artistic and technical competence as well as sometimes including writing skills.[3] Historically, video game programmers have sometimes comprised the entire design team. This is the case of such noted designers asSid Meier,John Romero,Chris Sawyer andWill Wright. A notable exception to this policy wasColeco, which from its very start separated the function of design and programming. As video games became more complex,computers andconsoles became more powerful, the job of the game designer became separate from the lead programmer. Soon, game complexity demanded team members focused on game design. A number of early veterans chose the game design path eschewing programming and delegating those tasks to others.
Video game design starts with an idea,[4][5][6][7] often a variation or modification on an existing concept.[4][8] The game idea will fall within one or severalgenres and designers will often experiment with mixing genres.[9][10] The game designer usually produces an initial game proposal document containing the concept, gameplay, feature list, setting and story, target audience, requirements and schedule, staff and budget estimates.[11]
Multiple design decisions are made during the course of a game's development; it is the responsibility of the designer to decide which elements should be implemented. For example, consistency with the game's vision, budget or hardware limitations.[12] Design changes will have a significant impact on required resources.[13]
The designer may usescripting languages to implement and preview design ideas without necessarily modifying the game'scodebase.[14][15] A game designer often plays video games and demos to follow the markets' development.[16]
Over time, it has become common for a game designer's name to misleadingly be given an undue amount of association to the game, neglecting the rest of the development team.[17] This is in stark contrast to the industries' origins, when creators were often given little to no recognition.[18] Coincidentally, this lack of credit leadWarren Robinett to create the firstEaster egg in a video game.
Funding, traditionally provided bygame publishers, who may have specific expectations from a game,[19] must be taken into account, as most video games aremarket-driven — developed to sell for profit.[20] However, if financial issues do not influence designer's decisions, the game can becomedesign- ordesigner-driven; but few games are designed this way,[21] with it becoming more common amongindie game developers, alongside alternative sources of funding, likeEarly Access orCrowdfunding. Alternatively, a game may betechnology-driven, such asQuake (1996),[22] to show off a particular hardware achievement or to market thegame engine.[22] Finally, a game may beart-driven, such asMyst (1993) andJourney (2012),[23] mainly to show off impressive visuals designed by artists.[23]
InRules of Play (2004),Katie Salen andEric Zimmermann write:
A game designer is a particular kind of designer, much like a graphic designer, industrial designer or architect. A game designer is not necessarily a programmer, visual designer or project manager, although sometimes he or she can also play these roles in the creation of a game. A game designer might work alone or as part of a larger team. A game designer might create card games, social games, video games or any other kind of game. The focus of a game designer is designing game play, conceiving and designing rules and structures that result in an experience for players.Thus game design, as a discipline, requires a focus on games in and of themselves. Rather than placing games in the service of another field such as sociology, literary criticism, or computer science, our aim is to study games within their own disciplinary space. Because game design is an emerging discipline, we often borrow from other areas of knowledge — from mathematics and cognitive science; from semiotics and cultural studies. We may not borrow in the most orthodox manner, but we do so in the service of helping to establish a field of game design proper.
A game designer is a person who designsgameplay, conceiving and designing the rules and structure of agame.[24][25][26] Multiple designers start their career in testing departments, other roles in game development or in classroom conditions,[27] where mistakes by others can be seen first-hand.[28]
In 2010, a game designer with more than six years of experience earned an average ofUS$65,000 (£44,761.22 sterling),US$54,000 (£37,186.24) with three to six years of experience and $44,000 (£30,299.90) with less than 3 years of experience. Lead designers earned $75,000 (£51,647.56) with three to six years of experience and $95,000 (£65,420.24) with more than six years of experience.[39] In 2013, a game designer with less than 3 years of experience earned, on average, $55,000 (£37,874.88). A game designer with more than 6 years of experience made, on average, $105,000 (£72,306.58). The average salary of these designers varies depending on their region.[40] As of 2015 the salary of experienced workers has shifted to approximately US$87,000 (£59,911.17)[41] As of January 17, 2020, the average annual pay for a game designer in the United States is $130,000 a year.[42]
World design is the creation of a backstory, setting and theme for the game; often done by a lead designer.[43] World design can also be the creation of a universe or a map, as well as topics or areas that are likely to be pursued by the player. It is a map referenced for creation of everything as it shows where it is and allows for the most logistical design in any given game.[citation needed] World design shapes the direction the game goes towards.
System design is the creation of game rules and underlying mathematical patterns.[43] System design is the enacted simulation of a game designed to interact or react with the player. The "experience" a player has with a game is attributed to how the game's system is designed. A complex system with depth leads to a more unpredictable strand of events to immerse the player into the video game.[44]
Content design is the creation of characters, items, puzzles, missions,[43] or any aspect of the game that is not required for it to function properly and meet theminimum viable product standard. In essence, content is the complexity added to a minimum viable product to increase its value.
Game writing involves writing dialogue, text and story.[43]
This is one of the first steps that go into making a video game. This encompasses a number of different elements of the process. Writing in video games also includes the elements in which the literature is presented. Voice acting, text, picture editing and music are all elements of game writing.
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Level design is the construction of world levels and its features.[34][35][36][43]
Level design makes use of a range of different fields to create a game world. Lighting, space, framing, color and contrast are used to draw a player's attention. A designer can then use these elements to guide or direct the player in a specific direction through the game world or mislead them.
User interface (UI) design deals with the construction the user interactions and feedback interface, likemenus orheads-up displays.[43]
The user interface also incorporates game mechanics design. Deciding how much information to give the player and in what way allows the designer to inform the player about the world, or perhaps leave them uninformed. Another aspect to consider is the method of input a game will use and deciding to what degree a player can interact with a game with these inputs. These choices have a profound effect on the mood of the game, as it directly affects the player in both noticeable and subtle ways.
User interface design in video games has unique goals. A conscious decision has to be made regarding the amount of information to relay to the player. However, the UI in games do not have to be absolutely streamlined. Players expect challenges and are willing to accept them as long as the experience is sufficiently rewarding. By the same token, navigating or interaction with a game's UI can be satisfying without the need to be effortless.[45][self-published source]
Audio design involves the process of creating or incorporating all of the sounds that are in the game, like music,sound effects orvoice acting.[46] This includes the theme song and jingles used in title screens and menus.
The disciplines listed above all combine to form the discipline ofgame feel.[47] It ensures that the flow of the game and the user interaction with the game elements are functioning smoothly.[48]
Numerous games have narrative elements which give a context to an event in a game, making the activity of playing it less abstract and enhance its entertainment value, although narrative elements are not always clearly present or present at all. The original version ofTetris is an example of a game apparently without narrative. Some[who?]narratologists claim that all games have a narrative element. Some go further and claim that games are essentially a form of narrative. Narrative in practice can be the starting point for the development of a game or can be added to a design that started as a set of game mechanics.[49]
Gameplay is the interactive aspects of video game design. Gameplay involves player interaction with the game, usually for the purpose of gameplay is entertainment, education or training.[50]
The design process varies from designer to designer and companies have different formal procedures and philosophies.[51]
The typical "textbook" approach is to start with a concept or a previously completed game and from there create agame design document.[52] This document is intended to map out the complete game design and acts as a central resource for the development team. This document should ideally be updated as the game evolves throughout the production process.[citation needed]
Designers are frequently expected to adapt to multiple roles of widely varying nature; for example, concept prototyping can be assisted with the use of pre-existing engines and tools likeGameMaker Studio,Unity,Godot orConstruct. Level designs might be done first on paper and again for the game engine using a 3D modeling tool. Scripting languages are used for multiple elements—AI, cutscenes, GUI, environmental processes, and a number of other behaviors and effects—that designers would want to tune without a programmer's assistance. Setting, story and character concepts require a research and writing process. Designers may oversee focus testing, write up art and audio asset lists and write game documentation. In addition to the skillset, designers are ideally clear communicators with attention to detail and ability to delegate responsibilities appropriately.[citation needed]
Design approval[clarification needed] in the commercial setting is a continuous process from the earliest stages until the game ships.[53]
When a new project is being discussed (either internally or as a result of dialogue with potential publishers), the designer may be asked to write a sell-sheet of short concepts, followed by a one or two-page pitch of specific features, audience, platform and other details. Designers will first meet with leads in other departments to establish agreement on the feasibility of the game given the available time, scope and budget. If the pitch is approved, early milestones focus on the creation of a fleshed-out design document. Some developers advocate a prototyping phase before the design document is written to experiment with new ideas before they become part of the design.[54]
As production progresses, designers are asked to make frequent decisions about elements missing from the design. The consequences of these decisions are hard to predict and often can only be determined after creating the full implementation. These are referred to as theunknowns of the design and the faster they are uncovered, the less risk the team faces later in the production process. Outside factors such as budget cuts or changes in milestone expectations also result in cuts to the design and while overly large cuts can take the heart out of a project, cuts can also result in a streamlined design with only the essential features, polished well.[original research?]
Towards the end of production, designers take the brunt of responsibility for ensuring that the gameplay remains at a uniform standard throughout the game, even in very long games. This task is made more difficult under "crunch" conditions, as the entire team may begin to lose sight of the core gameplay once pressured to hit a date for a finished and bug-free game.[original research?]
Traditionally, game designers used simple tools like Word, Excel or just plain pen and paper. As the field has evolved and player agency and localization started to play a bigger role in game development, the need for professional tools has emerged for this particular field.[55]
Examples of software for narrative design and storytelling includearticy:draft 3 andTwine. Tools like these often help to inform the earliest stages of the design and development process, before visual content and software development is started in earnest.
There are various kinds of free 3D design software available to the public, from the mainly graphically focussed, such asBlender, to game engines and software development toolkits, such asUnreal Engine andUnity, that promote communities that self-educate[56] as well as market 3D models and tutorials for beginners.[57]
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