| Char Léger de Reconnaissance Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mod.1934 T.15 | |
|---|---|
 KingLeopold III reviews a T-15 light tank of the Belgian army, in 1940 | |
| Type | Light tank |
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1936–1945? |
| Used by | Belgium, Nazi Germany |
| Wars | Second World War |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Vickers and F.R.C. |
| Designed | 1934 |
| Manufacturer | Vickers and F.R.C. |
| Produced | 1935–1938 |
| No. built | 42 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 3.8 ton |
| Length | 3.63 m (11 ft 11 in) |
| Width | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) |
| Crew | 2 : commander/gunner & driver |
| Armor | 7–9 mm (0.28–0.35 in) |
Main armament | 13.2 mm (0.52 in)Hotchkiss M1929 machine gun |
Secondary armament | 7.65 mmFusil-Mitrailleur FN.-Browning Model 1930 |
| Engine | Meadows 6-cylinder gasoline engine 88 hp (66 kW) |
| Power/weight | 23.16 hp per ton |
| Transmission | 4 speed |
| Suspension | Horstmann coil spring |
Operational range | 230 km (140 mi) |
| Maximum speed | 64 km/h (40 mph) |
TheVickers T-15 light tank, full designationChar Léger de Reconnaissance Vickers-Carden-Loyd Mod.1934 T.15, was a light 4-ton tank of theBelgian Army. They were built byVickers-Armstrong in the UK to the design of theirLight Tank Mark III and outfitted with their armament in Belgium byFonderie Royale de Canons (FRC) atHerstal. It entered service in 1935, and was used by the Belgian Army during theBattle of Belgium in May 1940. Its main armament was a 13.2 mmHotchkiss machine gun. The tank was intended as a replacement for the venerable but obsolescentRenault FT. Only 42 were produced.
Since theFirst World War, the Belgian army had been using the French-designedRenault FT tanks, armed with either a machinegun or a smallPuteaux SA 18 low velocity anti-infantry gun.[1] It was still in use with the Belgian cavalry regiments but was growing clearly obsolete by the early 1930s, so in 1933 it was decided that the remaining 75 FTs were to be replaced by a new light tank. This would turn out to be the T-15light tank. Looking at tank designs from both France and the UK (Belgium's allies during the First World War), the Belgian army already had some experience with Vickers - Carden Loyd vehicles (SA F.R.C. 47mm) and was interested in other designs from the firm. French tank production and development were also considered.
Apart from the light tank with a machine gun, a medium type with a cannon was desired, leading to the rather trying acquisition of the RenaultAMC 35 in 1935. The AMC 35 was, in its earlierAMC 34 version, favoured to the well-knownVickers 6-ton light tank. Since experience with the Polish armed forces' Vickers showed that the air-cooled 80 hp engine tended to overheat, the Belgian army requested a Vickers prototype equipped with a water-cooledRolls-Royce engine, which would not fit in the back and therefore was installed sideways in the modified 6-ton tank.[2] This version received the designation 'Mark F'. Although the new layout of the tank was used by Vickers on other export vehicles, the Belgian army placed no orders, the AMC 35 being considered superior in armament and armour protection.
The Belgian government showed unease about buying 'tanks', which were considered to be 'offensive' weapons: Germany was not to be provoked, and the official Belgian diplomatic stance on the European conflict was to remain neutral.[3] The word 'tank' or 'armored/mechanized unit' were never to be used in official unit designations, with the words 'armored/tracked motorcar' and the historical 'cavalry' being favored, as shown by the original designation ofAuto-Blindée/Mitrailleuse T.15.
Eventually, another product from the Vickers catalogue was chosen: the Vickers-Carden-Loyd M1934 export version of the 4-tonLight Tank Mk III. The Belgian armed forces were generally in favor of the layout of the prototype Mk III, when changed into the Vickers Carden Loyd Light Tank Model 1935, but asked Vickers for a different, conical rivetted one-man turret, with a cast gun mantle. The armament proposed by Vickers, the .303 inch (7.7 mm) or .50 inch (12.7 mm)Vickers machine guns, were both rejected, the heavier French13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine gun being favored instead. F.R.C. had to integrate this weapon into the new turret. In the late thirties it also built the air defence type turret mount for theFN HerstalBrowning 7.65mm FM Mod30. The extra air defence machine gun was gradually installed on the turret roofs of the T-15s.
Given the strained government defence budget in the early 1930s, due to the effects of theGreat Depression, the acquisition had to be split up in batches: the first 18 units were ordered on 10 March 1934, and delivered in two lots of nine on 15 and 22 February 1935. The second batch of 24 units was ordered on 16 April 1935 and they were delivered between 15 November – 28 December 1935.[4]
Due to delays in the delivery of the AMC 35, the Belgian army later considered buying eighty-three vehicles of the Vickers Carden Loyd Light Tank Model 1937. This type resembled the T.15 in the hull but was to be equipped with a larger turret able to hold a 40 mm or 47 mm gun. No production ensued. Even later, a prototype was ordered of the Vickers Command Tank which was tested in 1939.
The design of the T-15 obviously was similar to that of the Mark III light tank prototype. The suspension was made out ofHorstmann coil spring resting onbogies with two rubber-lined wheel sets per bogie. This design, invented bySidney Horstmann and exclusively used on lightweight vehicles, was also used up to theLight Tank Mk VI of the British Army. Apart from being relatively easy to build, compact and lightweight, it had the advantage of having a longtravel, and of being easy to replace when damaged in the field.[5] The drivesprocket was in the front, theidler-wheels were placed in the rear, with two return rollers. Power came from aHenry Meadows 6-cylinder gasoline engine, producing 88 hp (66 kW), coupled with a four speedpreselector gearbox. Steering was a combination of declutching the drive to one track and braking to increase the turn. The traverse of the turret was electrically actuated.[6] The T-15s were not equipped with a radio.[4]
The armor of the Belgian T-15 version was considerably less than that on the original Mark III design: instead of 12–14 mm ofarmor steel, only 7–9 mm were used.[4] This meant that the T-15 crew was only fully protected against indirect blast and splinter damage, and reasonably well protected against small arms fire (except at point-blank range perpendicular to the armour), but was not protected at all against most light anti-tank rounds, such as the.50 BMG, the 0.55 inBoys anti-tank rifle, the German13.2 mm TuF or indeed its own 13.2 mm (0.52 in) Hotchkiss round. Even at European standards of the time the T-15 tank could be considered underarmored. The tradeoff was - apart from a political one - excellent mobility: at an only 3.8 metric tons weight, but powered by an 88 hp (66 kW) engine, the T-15 had a remarkable top speed of 64 km/h (40 mph), well suited to cavalry tactics.[7] It was hoped this would turn the T-15 into a harder target to hit.
The primary armament of the T-15 tank was the13.2 mm Hotchkiss machine gun, already in use with the Belgian air force as a lightanti-aircraft gun. Although intended as an anti-aircraft gun, it had some anti-armor capabilities: it could penetrate 13 mm of armor plate at a range of 500 m (1,640 ft).[4] Barrel length was 992 mm (39.06 in). It fired from 25 or 30 cartridge box magazines at a rate of 450 rounds per minute.[8] This gave the T-15 the theoretical capability to take out most enemyarmored cars, half-tracks and soft-skinned vehicles. Apart from the machinegun-armedPanzer I however, the T-15 armament was no match for the heavier German tanks, nor was it meant to be. The secondary armament consisted of a single pintle-mounted lightM1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), meant as a form of anti-aircraft defence. To fire the BAR the gunner had to be exposed to enemy fire.
Judging by the fact that no more than 42 T-15's were fielded altogether, as opposed to the more numerousT-13 tank destroyers, and by the fact that the delivery program ended already in the 1936–38 timeframe, well before the start of theSecond World War and theBattle of Belgium, the Belgian army clearly became less enthralled by the T-15.[citation needed] Only the eliteChasseurs Ardennaismountain troops and thecavalry regiments fielded the T-15 operationally. Deployment was as follows: 16 T-15's each for the two cavalry divisions (combined with T-13 tank destroyers and other tracked and wheeled armored vehicles),[9] three each in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Regiments Chasseurs Ardennais - but not in the 4th, 5th and 6th[10] - and one in the driver training school.
From a technical point of view the T-15 showed shortcomings: apart from being hardly fit to deal with opposing armored units because of its versatile but light armament and from being rather underarmored, stability problems when on the move madegun-laying difficult and slow: the suspension was too soft which led to excessive forward pitching when braking.[4] This made the high speed of the T-15's a lot less important and effective. Technical and reliability problems were not uncommon either: since the Vickers light tank Mark III was not adopted by any other customer, finetuning and overcoming theething problems was to be done by the Belgian armed forces. At least two T-15's got sent to the repair depot in Brussels during the first four days of theBattle of Belgium, while at least two others had to be left behind due to technical difficulties: one of those had a broken clutch.[9]
On the other hand, the T-15s were also involved in some successful counterattacks. In one of these accounts, the 7th 'eskadron pantserwagens'/'escadron voitures blindés', part of the first cavalry division, 2nd regiment Lancers, equipped with both T-13s and T-15s, battled on 12 May 1940 with six German tanks at the small town of Hannuit. Although the 7th had two of its tanks knocked out, it also succeeded in knocking out two German tanks.[9][11] Another account tells of the successful but ultimately futile counterattack in the town of Knesselare, the day before the Belgian capitulation. The 1st and 4th 'eskadron cyclisten'/'escadron cyclistes' (motorcycle cavalry) of the 1st regiment 'jagers te paard'/'chasseurs a cheval' tried to retake the town after a German infantry unit equipped withPak 36s had infiltrated Knesselare from the east. At 15:00 hours, a group of T-13 and T-15 tanks attacked under the command of colonel Morel, and retook the town, taking 150 German soldiers as prisoners of war.[9][11] However, later in the evening, after being surrounded and attacked by a much more cautiously operating tank group, the Belgian army had to retreat from Knesselare.
After theBattle of Belgium ended, the few surviving T-15s were taken over by the German armed forces under the designation "Panzerspähwagen VCL 701 (b)" (reconnaissance armoured car).[12] Some were immediately put to use asBeutepanzer by German units in theBattle of France, sprayed in a grey colour. Since the number of surviving T-15s was small and because the machines were fully imported with only a limited amount of spare parts available, subsequent German deployment must have been limited to driver training and target practice, light support duties, airfield security or counterinsurgency. Possibly they were made part of theAtlantikwall coastal defences. There are no known surviving vehicles today.
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