| Veternica | |
|---|---|
 View from entrance | |
  | |
 | |
| Location | Zagreb |
| Coordinates | 45°50′28″N15°52′25″E / 45.841058°N 15.873642°E /45.841058; 15.873642 |
| Depth | 50 metres (160 ft) |
| Length | 7,128 metres (4.429 mi) |
| Elevation | 306 metres (1,004 ft) |
| Geology | Karst cave |
| Access | Tours available (April – November)[1] |
| Show cave length | 380 metres (1,250 ft) |
| Lighting | Yes |
| Cadastral code | HR00118 |
Veternica is a cave located onMedvednica mountain inZagreb,Croatia. At 7,128 metres (23,386 ft) long,[2] with a depth of 50 metres (160 ft) and a vertical difference over 200 metres (660 ft),[3] it is the longest known cave on itsmassif, and an estimated 6 km or more remain unexplored.[4]: 6 In the 1960s, it briefly became the longest cave in Croatia.[2] The first 380 m (1,250 ft) is available to visitors. In 2019, it had 5787 visitors.[5] It is an archeological site where remains of several kinds of prehistoric animals as well as humans have been found.[6] The cave has been protected by law since 7 July 1979,[5] with registration as a Natural Monument on 11 July of that year.[2]: 19
The nameVetrenica is aKajkavian-en-adjective formed from the reflex ofProto-Slavicvětrъ "wind", to which the denominal suffix-ica has been added. It is named for the wind that comes from the lower entrance of a cave as a result of temperature differences, except in the winter.[7]: 7 [3] Specifically in caves with two or more entrances and a significant difference in elevation between them.[8][2]: 9 The upper entrance in this case seems to be apit cave discovered in 1973 and namedDvogača, which sucks in warm external air in summer but emits relatively warm internal air in winter, opposite of Vetrenica.[2]: 15
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Detailed descriptions of the cave itself can be found in Poljak 1934,[9] Baučić 1945,[10] Božičević 1960,[7]: 15–17 Čepelak 1977,[4] Čepelak 1979[11] and other sources.
The entrance is permanently dry, but Kramberger's guide relayed an account related to him by the father of his paternal uncle, the 60 year old Zolak Nacek, that Veternica had once flooded for 24 hours.[12]: 8, 9 In 2004, caverVlado Božić proposed that the entrance to the cave had been completely covered before this flood, which created the initial opening.[13] This was dismissed by geologistsSrećko Božičević andMladen Garašić as a "fantasy",[14] but defended by geologistHrvoje Malinar,[15] who took Božić to evaluate the hypothesis in the cave on October 8th, finding multiple traces of an older flood in the main canal from the entrance to the stream, in addition to traces of high water level in the deeper parts of the cave where such levels had not been observed.[2]: 22
The wet part of the cave includes 14 active streams. Among other sources, these streams come from 9 knownponors, including 2 atPonikvepolje. The cave branches stretch towards these sinkholes, while the main channel runs 1250 m NNW towardsPonikve.[4]: 2
In 1960, Božičević divided the cave into four sections:
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The entrance to the cave was once only 45 cm wide and 29 cm high, requiring a prostrate entry; so unlikeVelika peć na Rogu or thePećina Svetog Marka, it was not mentioned in printed literature until the regional onset of speleology, beginning with the account ofDragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger in 1899.[7]: 7 Word of the cave then spread with the works ofDragutin Hirc [hr].[3]
An account of the first recorded entrance into the cave in February 1933 by Stanko Gršetić with his brother and father was published on 8 March 1934 in the newspaperVečer, which popularised the cave and in the resulting exploration frenzy, the more accessible parts of the cave were quickly stripped ofspeleothems and the walls covered in names and dates of early explorers, as a 12 November 1934 article inVečer complained. In reaction, theDruštvo za poljepšavanje Stenjevca secured the entrance and began requiring an entrance fee.[7]: 8–10 [2]: 9
The first scientific exploration and mapping of the inside of the cave was made byJosip Poljak [hr] and others[c] in the spring of 1934, exploring the first 1488 m of passageway,[9] as far as theViktorija waterfall.[2]: 10
EntomologistEgon Pretner visited the cave in 1936, where he found the presence ofAnophthalmus kaufmanni subsp. weingaertneri.[18]
In the light of theBombing of Zagreb, the Ministry of War of theIndependent State of Croatia had ordered late in the year to explore the possibility of repurposing the cave as a storage shelter, but nothing came of it.[7]: 12 In 1959, Hrvoje Malinar discovered 4 hand grenades and a German novel inFraktur type, rheumatism oil and motorist or pilotgoggles, all 1200 into the cave, evidently left by a German soldier.[2]: 15
Although not on the maps of the time, the cave had already been explored as far as thePVC siphon by 1945.[10]
The cave entrance had become overgrown by 1947 when exploration resumed.[2]: 12 The first geodetic map was drawn by a team of cavers[d] in 1948, reaching as far as thePVC siphon and bringing the total length of the cave to just over 1590 m.[2]: 10, 11
Apart from one shallow excavation by thePlaninarsko društvo "Prijatelj prirode"[2]: 10 in 1940, the cave had remained untouched by paleontologists since 1934, but in 1949 thePlaninarsko društvo "Željezničar" widened the entrance and built paths for visitors of the first section of the cave, discovering alongsideRoman coins and otherBronze toIron Age artefacts the skeletal remains of five recent individuals, which archaeologistFranjo Ivanček speculated had been victims ofBorčec-born marauderMijo Brezović, who was folklorically associated with the cave.[7]: 12, 13
In 1951, following years of continued devastation by speleothem-hunters, theCommission for Veternica was formed,[e] fixing a gate to the entrance and standing guard on Sunday for several years following to permit entry to visitors who paid for entry, though the 1951 gate was destroyed in 1955, and the 1969 gate was destroyed in 1970.[4][7]: 12
Systematic excavations began, led by Franjo Ivanček andVladimir Mirosavljević, joined bySlavko Marjanac andMirko Malez.[7]: 13 Around the same time,Antun Markić began systematically photographing the cave,[7]: 13 the only previous attempts being those of Josip Poljak in his survey and of journalistFranjo Fuis published 20 April 1934 inKulis.[7]: 9 Concurrent with the archaeological and photographic documentation was an effort to map the entirety of the cave by Srećko Božičević and Slavko Marjanac,[7]: 13 which by 1955 had barely progressed beyond the stream, including one expedition involving the first bivouac in theSR Croatia; it was finally finished as far as thePVC siphon at the end of 1959.[2]: 12
The cave was visited by French speleologistNorbert Casteret on 12 March 1955, expressing surprise that the cave had not yet been equipped with electric lighting for tourism. After receiving approval, the cavers ofPlaninarsko društvo "Zagreb", who had mostly transferred to thePlaninarstvo društvo "Željezničar" and had begun visiting the cave almost weekly since 1950,[2]: 11, 12 built the first extensive paths for tourists under the leadership of professorMirko Markulin.[7]: 21
In 1958, thePlaninarsko Društvo "Javor" conducted aflow trace experiment at thePonor Jezeranca, 900 m from theponor in Veternicaas the crow flies, and thefluorescein soon arrived in theBijela dvorana of Veternica, flowing from there to theGlavni siphon and later to theDubravica spring in the valley several hundred meters south of the entrance to Veternica. When the green dye appeared inGornji Stenjevec, it unsettled the village, so that the trace organiser Tomica Imenšek had to spend the entire day drinking green water to show it was not toxic.[2]: 13 A further tracer experiment was conducted under Srećko Božičević in 1969 with the same results, during which the dye took 8 hours to reach Veternica, indicating complex passages.[2]: 15
For decades, the cave remained unknown beyond thePVCsiphon, but theGlavni siphon remained the most intriguing siphon. Following an 3 m dive and then on 21 June 1959 an 8 m dive by Hrvoje Malinar with a DrâgerAqua-Lung to a sandy bottom (the first freshwater cavescuba dive in SR Croatia),[7]: 13 continued exploration was not deemed worth the risk, but Malinar had detected a narrow opening.[7]: 21, 22 Even with improvements in equipment, a 1988 dive byBranko Jalžić was unsuccessful in progressing past the point reached by Malinar.[7]: 13
With the negative results of the dive and the remaining options for continuation growing increasingly difficult, the visits to the cave for exploration purposes by the original clubs decreased, and it became mostly a training cave for young cavers. One of their last notable contributions in this period came from Vlado Božić, who finished the map to thePVC siphon in the 1960s on the basis of the work done in the previous decade. Where theŽeljezničari left off, thePlaninarsko društvo Sveučilišta "Velebit" began. In 1962—1967, theVelebitaši under Hrvoje Malinar discovered theVelebitaški kanal,[4]: 2 Ponor 16 metara,[4]: 2 Kanal iznad Limunove dvorane[4]: 2 and theKanal iznad Razrušene dvorane. These successes attracted some of the youngerŽeljezničari,[f] who under the leadership of Božić discovered much of the so-called "New Veternica"[g] in 1964[h] (Kristalni kanal,Mlinarev rov,Velika dvorana). It was during this time thatDrago Pavličević produced his series of photographs.[2]: 15
From 1966 on, explorations by theVelebitaši led by Malinar andMarijan Čepelak mapped theVelebitaški kanal to 562 m,Alpinistički kanal to 501 m,Darijev kanal to 128 m and a number of smaller passages until the cumulative length of the new passages reached 2674 m.[4]: 2 The new passages included:Ponor 16 metara dug to 68 m,Kukušni kanal to 18 m,Kanal iznad Limunove dvorane to 85 m,Stari kanal to 85 m, "Nova Veternica" to 455 m,Aneks to 86 m,Kanal iznad Razrušene dvorane to 81 m andKanal iznad Visoke dvorane to 24 m.[2]: 19 ThePakleni kanal was discovered in 1969 after its strong airflow was detected.[4]: 4 Digging to allow the passage of the shallow upstreamPVC-siphon with a PVC tube[i] in September 1977 led to the discovery of about 300 m of new passage to the already 5097 m long cave[4]: 2 in theŽeljezničarski kanal.[19]: 86
Though it was never the longest cave in theDinarides thanks to the earlier exploration ofPostojna Cave, it did eventually become the longest cave in SR Croatia. In 1973,Jopićeva špilja - Bent system surpassed Veternica as the longest cave in SR Croatia, with a length of 6247 m against Veternica's 5994 m.[20]: 13 Veternica would eventually catch up but not before being surpassed in length by other caves. On 20 November 1983, shortly after an expansion of Jopićeva špilja in the summer,[21]: 64 thePanjkov ponor - Varićakova špilja system surpassed it as the longest cave in SR Croatia,[22] ending competition between Veternica and Panjkov ponor, only to be surpassed itself as such on 1 September 1984 by theĐulin ponor - Medvedica system.[23]
With further exploration of theŽeljezničarski kanal, June 1979 saw the total length of the cave reach 5996 m.[2]: 20 A map of the cave finished in 1979 was published by Čepelak in 1980,[11] though by the time of its publication it was already out of date, thanks to about 70 m of newly discovered passage in theŽeljezničarski kanal. Continued exploration brought the total length of the cave to 6576 m. This was due to the discovery of new passages beyond "New Veternica" in the autumn of 1984. First,Robert Dado scaled 9 m of muddy cliff withpitons on October 14th. Using those pitons,Svjetlan Hudec was able to climb a further 9 m up the same cliff on November 3rd, at the top of which was the largest chamber in the cave, namedMarkulinova dvorana.[j][2]: 21
Removingsediment with ahoe, theVelebitaši found a continuation of theZadnji kanal. Then in several expeditions beyond theProlaz motike,[24] 113 m of canal were explored, so that the total length of the cave at the beginning of 1992 was 6767 m. Although no further explorations werepublished, several hundred meters further were explored by 1999, for a cumulative length of 7128 m.[2]: 21
| Year | Tourists | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 5787 | [5] |
| 2023 | 3884 | [25] |
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In 1977, the systematic preparation of the cave for tourism began, during which more than 860graffitos were erased and the cave was electrified as far asKalvarija. But already in 1978 the funding dried up thanks to the economic crisis in theSFRJ, and so the cave was not ready to accept tourists until 1979. Malinar trained the first tour guides from among the cavers of Zagreb in 1978, and these guides began to provide tours beginning in April 1979, several months before the legal designation of the cave as aProtected Natural Monument[k]. At first, guides rotated, but already in 1979 theDamir Prelovec became its sole guide, replaced in 1980 byJuraj Posarić, who remained in that role until the transfer of the cave to theNature Park Medvednica in 2000.[2]: 16–19
After control was transferred to theJavna ustanova Park prirode Medvednica, the cave was closed to tourists and restriced to training cavers for several years, reopening to tourists in 2002,[2]: 21–22 but with effective restrictions on caver activity by Nives Farkaš-Topolnik after she was named its first rector[26] due to differences of opinion on the importance of exploration.[27] But some work was allowed to continue until a 2020 document[28] by the new rector Marina Popijač restricted the maximum caving time to 6 hours on 1 day of the month, making exploration trips impossible.[27]: 83 TheCommission for Speleology of the Croatian Mountaineering Association[l] confronted the park administration about it in a 2021 meeting, but their concerns were dismissed on the grounds of the results of an internal investigation on improper behaviour in the cave by members of an unnamed organisation,[27]: 84 and declined to comment on the reasons for their restrictions upon a request from the editors of theSpeleolog magazine.[27]: 85
The only notable steps towards exploration by cavers since the takeover were the 2009laser telemetry of the main part of the cave from the entrance to thePVC siphon, providing greater vertical accuracy;[m] and the discovery of a new chimney insideMarkulinova dvorana in 2012, alongside a few other minor passages.[2]: 22
The temperature in the cave is roughly 10°C year-round.[1]
The radon concentration was measured in 2024 at various locations throughout the tourist section of the cave, with an average of 7394±104 Bq/m3, and a maximum of 7542 Bq/m3 at theKoncertna chamber, which following the annual dose limit guideline of 20 mSv/year limitstour guides to 400 hours per year.[29]
As of 1977, water was known to run through 36% of the cave.[4]: 2 The ponors of theJarugadoline drain into theVelebitaški kanal and thePakleni kanal, which also receives water from the southern end of theStaglišče doline. The northern end of theStaglišče doline drains into the deeper parts of Vetrenica, which also receives water from thePonikvepolje.[4]: 2–4
One of the three largest streams in Veternica enters through theAlpinistički kanal.[4]: 3 A smaller stream flows through thKanal iznad Razrušene dvorane.[4]: 3
In the 1970s, an experiment was conducted during which the Stream 13 was rerouted into theFosilna dvorana.[4]: 6
As of 1977, 53.2% of the cave was in dolostone,[n] the rest being at the dolostone-limestone contact[o] or in limestone.[4]: 2 There is somebreccia andconglomerate at the end ofStari kanal, likely near contact with limestone.[4]: 4 [3]
Paleomagnetic analysis of fossil stream sediments has placed the lower boundary for the formation of the cave at theBrunhes–Matuyama reversal.[17]: 32 The initial formation of the cave following the uplift of the ground above it ought to have been mostly phreatic on morphological grounds, although no dates have been produced from this period yet.[17]: 36, 37
One stalactite caked in stream sediment at 680 m from the entrance was U-Th dated to about 640 ka BP, providing evidence for a vadose phase predating the second, partially phreatic phase.[17]: 35 The oldest flowstone tested dates to 550 ka BP, before the formation of the paleolake.[17]: 34 As the uplift continued, the mouth of the cave would have risen above the water level, leading to the formation of lower springs similar toDubravica. This mostly vadose phase would have included subterranean lakes.[17]: 36, 38
Much of the formation of Veternica formed inlacustrine conditions at least about 380 ka BP[16]: 218 at the unconformable contact betweenMiocene marlylimestone and underlyingTriassicdolostone,[30][3] as a largely phreatic subterranean paleolake 475 m upstream inside the cave.[16]: 217 It was during this period that the shelfstones inMajmunski prolaz at about 450 m from the entrance formed.[16]: 214 Sediment buildup blocking lower springs is proposed as the reason for the water level rise that allowed for phreatic conditions to dominate.[17]: 36, 38 The water level of the paleolake declined only slightly during this period, despite leaving 9 different shelfstone levels.[16]: 215
Between about 245 and 235 ka BP, the system experienced a geologically rapid water level drop, as evidenced by the transition from shelfstone to flowstone.[16]: 215 It has been suggested that this water table fall was due to the ~350 m tectonic uplift along the southern flanks of Medvednica in the Quaternary, which could also explain the recession of the main stream from the siphonsPonor 16 metara andKukušni toGlavni.[16]: 220 On the evidence of the flowstone in theVelebitaški kanal, the subterranean water level must have fallen by at least 6 m.[17]: 35 Following this event, the Stone Waterfall (Serbo-Croatian:Kameni slap) flowstone formation at about 250 m from the entrance began forming about 212 ka BP and continued to about 205 ka BP,[16]: 218 [3] as the result of paleowater flow from theVelebitaški channel.[16]: 217 By the end of its formation, the water level had fallen by a total of about 14 m since the final phase of shelfstone formation.[17]: 35–39
After hydrological activity ceased at the end of theRiss glaciation, the oldest clastic sediments at the cave entrance were deposited.[16]: 220 This corresponds to layer K; layer J was deposited during theRiss-Würm interglacial (MIS 5e, 130-115 ka BP);[31][32] layers I-D were deposited during theWürm glaciation,[33]: 47 of which I-H fromMIS 5 to MIS 3, 115-40 ka BP[32]
The fifth layer of the chamber at the entrance was formed in a single catastrophic erosion episode that covered the entire entrance, following which all mammalian habitation of the cave seems to have ceased.[34]: 293 This is layer G.[33]: 46 It has been connected to the colder conditions during MIS 4, 71-57 ka BP; or one of the colder phases of MIS 3, 57-29 ka BP, which would match layers F and E which are dated to MIS 3, 40-30 ka BP.[32]
Layer D was deposited during mostly after theLast Glacial Maximum during MIS 2, 29-14 ka BP.[32] Layer C is a calcite cap that formed at the transition from thePleistocene to theHolocene.[35] layer B and thehumus layer A formed in theHolocene.[33]: 47
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Layers H, I and J[33]: 46 contain artefacts belonging to theMousterian culture.[34]: 293 At least layers I and J are beyond the limits of14C dating.[33]: 46 Only layers H-I yielded bone implements, including 33 knapping bones, of which 13 were fashioned from the bones ofUrsus spelaeus, which is a record for theMiddle Paleolithic.[33]: 47, 53 As of 2020, more than 500 stone artefacts have been unearthed at Veternica, of which 46% quartz and 28%chert.[33]: 48, 49
In 1956, the discovery of a human skull believed at the time to be around 150,000 years old was published, prompting a number of prominent anthropologists to visit Zagreb, includingHallam L. Movius,Germaine Henri-Martin,Ulrich Schaefer [de],Srečko Brodar,Božo Škerlj,Branko Gavela and others.[7]: 18 This skull, from layer H, turned out to be that of ananatomically modern human, the depth being explained as by burial practices.[36][37] The remains wereradiocarbon dated to theRoman period in 2024.[38]
9 Mousterian[33]: 53 fire pits were discovered from 1955 on: 2 in front of the cave and the rest in the entrance chamber.[39] One of the charcoal samples is too old for14C dating, with a minimum result of 50 ka BP.[33]
In layer F, several stone implement fragments were discovered, which Malez assigned to theAurignacian solely on stratigraphic grounds,[35] but thanks to these implements being mixed with the Mousterian implements, it was not possible to identify them during a verification attempt.[40] The same applies to the chert and quartz implements discovered in layer D, although layer D also included one fire pit.[33]: 54 Layer D also contained 4 skulls, of which 3 together with 1 femur and scatteredU. spelaeus bones beneath a stone slab,[35] one of which had cut marks.[37]
Among the more recent finds are 3rd centuryRoman coins, a bronzefibula.[7] These and a number of ceramic artefacts from theNeolithic throughLate antiquity were found in layers B and A, of which none in layer A predate the Iron Age;[33]: 54 though several finds from antiquity were found beneath layer C.[41] At the very end of the NW passage, there was a walled Neolithic graveyard with strewn human bones,[35] including whole and fragmentary skulls, all belonging to young individuals, some of whom were children. Also in the NW passage, layer B yielded a human skull, which because of association with Bronze implements was dated to the Bronze Age.[37] During excavations in 2015-2016, human remains were founded that dated to the 3rd-4th centuries, together with a Roman coin and a bronze needle.[33]: 54
The skull of a modern human was unearthed near the entrance in 2002 by a team led by Nikola Vukosavljević.[33] The skeletal remains of five recent individuals (three males, one woman and one child) unearthed in 1949 were likewise found near the entrance.[7]: 12, 13
As of 2024, all human remains found within the cave have been dated or redated to the Roman period: S2 to AD 127–250, S6 to AD 218–365, S4 to AD 224–556, S3 to AD 243–353, VETPN5 to AD 336–440, and VET15SJ104K6 to AD 419–598. The radiocarbon dating of S1 failed.[38]
Fossils ofLithothamnion algae have been found,[34]: 292 responsible for the upper layer of the cave.[4]
In 1955, a completeUrsus spelaeus skeleton was unearthed,[34]: 288ff its presence having been known since 1934,[9] comprising 75% of all animal bones, and even more in layers E and F, reaching 99% in F.[42] This was in addition to a number ofPanthera spelaea bones,[34]: 290 and teeth ofCastor fiber andMarmota marmota.: 291 The remaining species includedCanis lupus lupus,Capra ibex, andSus scrofa.[34]: 292
The remaining species include:Alces alces,[31]Bison priscus,[31]Capreolus capreolus,[33]: 52 Cervus elaphus hippelaphus,Cricetus sp.,Cuon alpinus,[43]Felis silvestris,Hystrix sp.,Lepus europaeus,[43]Martes foina,Martes martes,Meles melesMustela erminea,Mustela putorius,Panthera pardus,Rupicapra rupicapra,[31]Stephanorhinus sp.,[33]Ursus arctos arctos,Vulpes vulpes, and others.[44]
TheCrocuta spelaea specimen found in layer F remains unconfirmed.[43]
18 species of bat have been recorded in Veternica, of which 12 regularly hibernate in the cave.[1] It is inhabited year-round by small numbers ofRhinolophus ferrumequinum; for winter hybernation by colonies ofMyotis emarginatus,Rhinolophus hipposideros, andR. ferrumequinum; and in summer byR. euryale andR. mehelyi.[45]: 25, 26
The bat population was discovered to be in decline in 2003. To protect the bats, winter visits to the cave were banned in 2004, and a bat-friendly gate was put in place in 2005. In January 2019, theR. hipposideros population consisted of 1290 individuals, but after 15 years of constistant growth a drop to 528 individuals in January 2021 was noticed. Over the next three winters, the population continued to decline.[46]
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It is the only known locality forPseudosinella dallaiiGisin & Gama, described at this site.[47][18]: 67
It is one of only 2 locations recorded for the Medvednica endemicAnophthalmus kaufmanni subsp. weingaertneriWinkler.[48][7]: 18
In 1988, aChthonius specimen collected by Branko Jalžić was described asChthonius raridentatus,[49] though in 2014 this was shown to beChthonius raridentatusHadži.[50][18]: 67
Other invertebrates includeEukoenenia sp.,[18]: 67 Heteromurus nitidusTempleton,Lithobius sp.,[18]: 67 Mesoniscus granigerFrivaldsky,[51]: 244 Niphargus likanusKaraman,[48][52]Plusiocampa cf.niveaJoseph,[18]: 67 Rhagidia sp.,[18]: 67 Schubartia lohmanderiVerhoeff,[48]Scoliopteryx libatrixL.,[18]: 67 Troglohyphantes excavatusFage,[53]Troglophilus cavicolaKollar.[54]
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The Veternica cave is home to at least 47protist species. The highest diversity (36 species) and abundance (>500 individuals/mL) is found in thosesinter pools richest in batguano. The most widespread protist isEuglypha laevisEhrenberg.Sphatidium sp. are only found inclay pools.A. rotundataPlayfair is restricted to ahygropetric habitat.[55]
Amoebozoa include the Veternica endemicCentropyxis bipilataBaković, Siemensma et al.[56] and a number of other species:Arcella artocreaLeidy,A. rotundataPlayfair,Centropyxis aculeataEhrenberg,C. aerophilaDeflandre,C. constrictaEhrenberg,C. elongataPenard,C. laevigataPenard,C. plagiostomaBonnet & Thomas,Cochliopodium sp.,Cryptodifflugia oviformisPenard,C. pusillaPlayfair,C. sacculusPenard,Cyclopyxis eurystomaDeflandre,Cyphoderia ampullaEhrenberg,Difflugia oblongaEhrenberg,D. cf.pristisPenard,Diplochlamys sp.,Diplophrys sp.,Euglypha bryophilaBrown,E. laevisEhrenberg,E. rotundaWailes,E. tuberculataDujardin, cf.Flamella sp.,Frenzelina sp.,Heleopera sp.,Korotnevella sp.,Mayorella sp.,Microchlamys patellaClaparède & Lachmann,Microcometes paludosaCienkowski,Plagiopyxis declivisBonnet,Pyxidicula sp.,Rhizamoeba sp.,Tracheleuglypha dentataDeflandre, andTrinema linearePenard,T. enchelysEhrenberg,Vahlkampfia sp.,Vanella sp.[57]
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Heliozoa includeAcanthocystis myriospinaPenard emend. Dürrschmidt andRaphidocystis marginataZlatogursky ex Siemensma.[57]: 61
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Ciliophora includeCinetochilum margaritaceumPerty,Colpoda steiniMaupas,Cyclidium glaucomaO.F.M.,Euplotes sp.,Glaucoma sp.,Litonotus lamellaSchewiakoff,Nassulida sp.,Pleuronema sp.,Pyxicola sp.,Sphatidium sp.,Vorticella sp.[57]: 61
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The cave is also home to theStramenopiles speciesActinophrys solEhrenberg and the Heterotrophic Flagellate speciesPeranema trichophorumEhrenberg.[57]: 61
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Posjeti u svrhu znanstvenih istraživanja mogući su svake prve subote u mjesecu u terminu od 10:00 o 16:00 sati.[Visits for the purpose of scientific research are possible every first Sunday of the month from 10:00 to 16:00.]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
