In the geometry ofplane curves, avertex is a point of where the first derivative ofcurvature is zero.[1] This is typically a localmaximum or minimum of curvature,[2] and some authors define a vertex to be more specifically alocal extremum of curvature.[3] However, other special cases may occur, for instance when the second derivative is also zero, or when the curvature is constant. Forspace curves, on the other hand, avertex is a point where thetorsion vanishes.
A hyperbola has two vertices, one on each branch; they are the closest of any two points lying on opposite branches of the hyperbola, and they lie on the principal axis. On a parabola, the sole vertex lies on the axis of symmetry and in a quadratic of the form:
it can be found bycompleting the square or bydifferentiation.[2] On anellipse, two of the four vertices lie on the major axis and two lie on the minor axis.[4]
For acircle, which has constant curvature, every point is a vertex.
Vertices are points where the curve has4-point contact with theosculating circle at that point.[5][6] In contrast, generic points on a curve typically only have 3-point contact with their osculating circle. Theevolute of a curve will generically have acusp when the curve has a vertex;[6] other, more degenerate and non-stable singularities may occur at higher-order vertices, at which the osculating circle has contact of higher order than four.[5] Although a single generic curve will not have any higher-order vertices, they will generically occur within a one-parameter family of curves, at the curve in the family for which two ordinary vertices coalesce to form a higher vertex and then annihilate.
Thesymmetry set of a curve has endpoints at the cusps corresponding to the vertices, and themedial axis, a subset of thesymmetry set, also has its endpoints in the cusps.
According to the classicalfour-vertex theorem, every simple closed planar smooth curve must have at least four vertices.[7] A more general fact is that every simple closed space curve which lies on the boundary of a convex body, or even bounds a locally convex disk, must have four vertices.[8] Everycurve of constant width must have at least six vertices.[9]
If a planar curve isbilaterally symmetric, it will have a vertex at the point or points where the axis of symmetry crosses the curve. Thus, the notion of a vertex for a curve is closely related to that of anoptical vertex, the point where an optical axis crosses alens surface.