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Averanda (also spelledverandah inAustralian andNew Zealand English) is aroofed, open-airhallway orporch, attached to the outside of a building.[1][2] A veranda is often partly enclosed by arailing and frequently extends across the front and sides of the structure.[3]
Authorities differ on the spelling of the word. TheConcise Oxford English Dictionary gives the "h" version as a variant andThe Guardian Style Guide says"veranda not verandah".[4] Australia'sMacquarie Dictionary prefersverandah.[5]
Veranda, as used in the United Kingdom and France, was brought by the British from India (Hindi:बरामदा,Urdu:برآمدہ). It may have been originated fromPersian Language برآمد which means “outwards”, means an area which is outwards from the living/rooms and adopted into Urdu and Hindi from Persian. While the exact origin of the word is unknown, scholars suggest that the word may have originated in subcontinent or may have been adopted from thePortuguese[citation needed] and spread further to the British and French colonists.[6] Ancient and medieval subcontinent texts on domestic architecture likeVastu shastra uses the word"Alinda" for this architectural feature.[7]
The veranda has featured quite prominently inAustralian vernacular architecture and first became widespread in colonial buildings during the 1850s. TheVictorian Filigree architecture style is used by residential (particularlyterraced houses in Australia and New Zealand) and commercial buildings (particularlyhotels) across Australia and features decorative screens of wrought iron, cast iron "lace" or wood fretwork. TheQueenslander is a style of residential construction inQueensland, Australia, which is adapted to subtropical climates and characterized in part by its large verandas, which sometimes encircle the entire house.
Thebandeirista style house from Brazil typically has a veranda positioned to face the sunrise.[8]
In Hong Kong, verandas often appear on the upper floor of the first to third generations of Tong Lau (shophouses) due to a lack of space since the 19th century.
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Early known examples of verandah in domestic architecture come fromVastu shastra texts which lay out plans and describe methods to build houses, wherealinda (veranda) is a common feature of domestic buildings.[7]
Porches were a natural idea in India, a mostly warm, tropical country. In Gujarat the porch area is called theotala and in the Hindi belt it is known asalinda. These structures are not only used to cool off, but also as a centre of social life where neighbours can talk and kids play, or as a religious centre where rituals and worship of certain gods can take place.[9]
In Southern India, the termthinnai is used, and these structures are very common. This area serves a religious purpose in addition to a social one, and is the centre of everyday life for many.[10]Konkan's architecture is influenced by nature. It is sustainable and cost-effective. In Konkan traditional architecture, the veranda is calledotti, a semi-open space with low seating covered with a permanent roof. It serves as a transition space leading to an enclosed environment. Sometimes the sides are covered by woodenjali walls. It offers a temporary resting space to house members during the afternoon and evening.
In regions with heavy snowfall, especiallyAomori andNiigata prefectures, structures called Gangi-Zukuri (ja:雁木造) have been developed since theEdo period. For example, the total length of Gangi inold Takada city is over 16 Kilometers.[11]
In Poland, the word "weranda" is commonly used for the unheated roofed annex to a house, without walls or with glass walls.[citation needed]
In Sri Lanka, verandas' original derivation was from traditional vernacular architecture and are known as"Pila" in Sinhalese. Both front and rear veranda examples are also known and common feature in local vernacular architecture.[12][13][14][15] Traditionally, domestic vernacular architecture layouts were also influenced by Sri Lankan BuddhistManjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra text, which in turn was influenced by IndianVastu Shastra texts.[16]
TheCreole townhouse inNew Orleans, Louisiana, is also noted for its prominent use of verandas. In fact, most houses constructed in theSouthern United States before the advent ofair conditioning were built with a covered front porch or veranda.
Spanish Colonial architecture (as well as the "Mission style" revivalist version that became popular in the Western United States in the early 1900s) commonly incorporates verandas, both on the exterior of buildings and, in cases of buildings with courtyards, along the interior walls of courtyards. In some cases, homes were constructed with every room opening into a courtyard veranda, rather than interior corridors or direct connections to other rooms.
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