_Doge%2527s_Palace_facing_the_sea.jpg)
Venetian Gothic is the particular form ofItalian Gothic architecture typical ofVenice, originating in local building requirements, with some influence fromByzantine architecture, and some fromIslamic architecture, reflecting Venice's trading network. Very unusually for medieval architecture, the style is at its most characteristic in secular buildings, with the great majority of surviving examples of the style being secular.
The best-known examples are theDoge's Palace and theCa' d'Oro. Both featureloggias of closely spaced small columns, with heavytracery withquatrefoil openings above, decoration along the roofline, and some coloured patterning to plain wall surfaces. Together with theogee arch, capped with a relief ornament, and ropework reliefs, these are the most iconic characteristics of the style. Ecclesiastical Gothic architecture tended to be less distinctively Venetian, and closer to that in the rest of Italy.
The beginning of the style probably goes back no further than the 13th century, although the dates of early Gothic palaces, and especially features such as windows in them, are largely uncertain. It dominated the 14th century and because of the city's conservatism Venetian Gothic buildings, especially smaller palaces, continued to be built well into the second half of the 15th century,[1] andVenetian Renaissance architecture very often retained reminiscences of its Gothic predecessor.
In the 19th century, inspired in particular by the writings ofJohn Ruskin,[2] there was a revival of the style, part of the broaderGothic Revival movement inVictorian architecture. Even in the Middle Ages, Venetian palaces were built on very constricted sites, and were tall rectangular boxes with decoration concentrated on the front facade. The style was therefore developed for a similar architectural context to that found in late 19th-century city centre streets.
Venice is built on alluvial mud, and all buildings in the city were (and mostly still are) supported by large numbers oftimber piles driven into the mud. Above that the normal building material is brick, although the grander facades were usually faced withIstrian stone, a finelimestone that is not strictly amarble, although it is often so called. This came by sea from quarries inIstria in theTerraferma, now inCroatia. Other stones with different colours were often used for contrast, especially a red stone fromVerona.Marmorinostucco, made from grinding limestone, brick and terracotta fragments, was the typical finish for interior walls, and sometimes exteriors.[3] Flat ceilings supported with timber beams were preferred to vaults, which might crack as the building settled on the pile foundations.[4]
The main city was already very largely built up, with buildings tightly packed in the centre; this is shown clearly byJacopo de' Barbari's hugewoodcutView of Venice with an elevated view of the city in 1500. Because buildings were tightly packed, Venice was even more prone than other Italian city centres to fires, creating the need for many of the new buildings.
Unlike the palaces or houses of wealthy families in other Italian cities, defence was not a major concern for Venetian palaces, which in any cases often had "moats" on some sides. The crowded city centre encouraged building high by the standards of the period, and the main access for light was often from the front facade, which therefore typically has more and larger windows than palaces elsewhere.[5]
Most palaces doubled as places of business, on the ground floor, and homes above. The ground floors, which even when built were probably rather prone to periodic flooding, have relatively few rooms, and a rather grand stairway leading to the residential upper floors, where ceilings are rather low by the standards of palaces. Theportico on a canal allowed goods to be loaded and unloaded, and led to a large space called theandrone, where they were stored and business transacted. Upstairs, theportego orsalone was another large room, centrally placed and usually T-shaped, received light from the windows and was the main space for dining and entertaining. To the rear an open staircase led to a small courtyard with a well-head and often a rear door to the street.[6] In fact there are no true wells in Venice, and the well-head led down to acistern sealed from the salty groundwater, which collected rainwater from the roof and courtyard through stone gutters leading to a sand filter system and the cistern.[7]
By the 13th century porticos at the front were often abandoned, and replaced by one or more large doorways leading to theandrone.[8]
The Gothic Period arrived in Venice during a time of great affluence, when the upper class was funding the building of new churches as well as new, opulent homes for themselves. At the same time, the religious orders were beginning to bring the Gothic style to Venice's churches from mainland Italy. The most striking examples of this new architectural fashion can be seen inSanti Giovanni e Paolo andthe Frari. However, these churches were still very similar to those found in the rest of Italy, the main difference being the building materials. It was not until the increase in palace construction, that Venetian Gothic became a distinct style in itself. Influenced by theDoge's Palace, the creators of this new style meshed Gothic, Byzantine, and Oriental themes to produce a totally unique approach to architecture.
As described by Ruskin, theogee arch was at the start of the stylistic development of theVenetian Gothic arch, rather than in the middle or at the end, as elsewhere. Round arches began to sprout points on their outer rim, while initially remaining circular on the inside.[9] But neat progressions of style are not always reflected in actual buildings, and a variety of styles can sometimes be seen in a particular period, and in the same building.[10]
The ogee arch is "relatively uncommon in ecclesiastical buildings", where a more conventional Italian Gothic was adopted (and there are fewer survivals). Conversely, conventional Gothic arches are seen in palaces "only in the most solid elements". Because the unstable ground discouragedvaulting, the "structuralraison d'etre of Gothic architecture – to allow the erection of higher and higher vaults, with more flexibility in ground-plan – was completely irrelevant in Venice".[11]
In Northern Europe,traceries only supported stained glass. In contrast, traceries in Venetian Gothic supported the weight of the entire building. Therefore, the relative weight sustained by the traceries alludes to the relative weightlessness of the buildings as a whole.[12] This (and the associated reduced use of weight-bearing walls) gives the Venetian Gothic architectural style lightness and grace in structure.
The Venetian Gothic, while far more intricate in style and design than previous construction types in Venice, never allowed more weight or size than necessary to support the building. Venice had always held the concern that every inch of land is valuable, because of the canals running through the city.
One major aspect of the Venetian Gothic style change that came about during the 14th and 15th centuries was the proportion of the central hall in secular buildings. This hall, known as theportego, evolved into a long passageway that was often opened by aloggia with Gothic arches. Architects favored using intricate traceries, similar to those found on theDoge's Palace.[13] The most iconic Venetian Gothic structure, the Doge's Palace, is a luxuriously decorated building that includes traits of Gothic, Moorish, and Renaissance architectural styles. In the 14th century, following two fires that destroyed the previous structure, the palace was rebuilt in its present, recognizably Gothic form.[14]
.jpg)
.jpg)
The two largest Gothic churches to remain largely unaltered are those of the mainmendicant orders; both are designed to provide large open spaces for star preachers to reach big congregations. These orders were controlled from the Italian mainland, and their original architecture mostly reflected broader Italian styles developed by each order elsewhere, and so represented a novelty in Venice. Both became home to numerous important wall tombs inside,[15] which has probably prevented the interiors from having Baroque makeovers, as has happened elsewhere.
The Frari is theFranciscan church. Like most medieval Franciscan churches, this is a large plain building, built economically to hold large crowds to hear star preachers. First constructed in the 13th century, it was rebuilt in its current Gothic style over a long period in the 14th and 15th centuries.[16]
The rivalDominican church ofSanti Giovanni e Paolo is the other large Gothic church in the city that retains its original character. This was first begun in the 1240s, but that church was too small, and the current building was probably begun in 1333, although not consecrated until 1430.[17] Many other churches retain significant Gothic work, especiallySanto Stefano, a large parish church with a "ship's keel" wooden roof.[18] TheMadonna dell'Orto, built by theHumiliati order, is mostly 14th-century, but the facade, still Gothic, dates to the 1460s. Other Gothic churches have been given makeovers in Renaissance or Baroque styles. InSan Marco, the main church of the republic, there is much Gothic sculpture on the facade, and other details, but the main elements of the structure remainItalo-Byzantine Romanesque.
The influence ofIslamic architecture is reflected in some features of the Venetian style, in particular the use of colour and pattern on outside walls, and sometimes stone grills on windows, and perhaps purely decorativecrenellations on rooflines. During the period the Venetian economy was heavily bound up with trade with both the Islamic world and theByzantine Empire, and the architectural styles of these two are somewhat entangled, especially in the early Islamic period.[19]
As an example, decorating walls with largeveneers of fancy coloured marble or other stones, which was certainly a Venetian taste, was also found in Byzantine and Islamic architecture, but both had derived it from imperialRoman architecture. There are still examples inRavenna (ruled by Venice from 1440 to 1509),Milan as well as Rome, and very likely much of the stripping of these from other surviving Roman buildings had not yet taken place.
Venetians may also have regarded some aspects of Byzantine and Islamic architecture as reflecting the world ofEarly Christianity – all over Italy "eastern" costume very often served for biblical figures in art, and the paintings of some Venetians, for exampleSt Mark Preaching at Alexandria byGentile Bellini (c. 1505) also use clearly Islamic architecture (including stone grills), although also reflecting the Byzantine styles ofConstantinople, which Bellini visited in 1479, only some twenty-five years after it became theOttoman capital. There were also Venetian connections with Islamic styles thoughSicily and southern Italy, and possiblyal-Andalus (Islamic Spain). Venetians probably saw the eastern elements in their architecture in a complex way, reflecting and celebrating both their history and the cause of their trade-derived wealth.[20]
Venetian traders, and those of rival cities, reached intoPersia andCentral Asia in thePax Mongolica after theMongol conquests, from roughly 1240 to 1360.[21] There were small Venetian colonies of merchants inAlexandria, as well as Constantinople. Venice's relations with the Byzantine Empire were still more intimate and complicated, involving many wars, treaties, and massacres.
_Ca%2527_Foscari.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
The style wasrevived in the 19th century, largely through the influence of British architectural criticJohn Ruskin and his treatiseThe Stones of Venice. Because of the shortage of space in Venice, mostpalazzi were high (by medieval standards) rectangular boxes, with an ornamented facade, but very often plain on the other external elevations. Nor did they have space-wasting courtyards. Hence the basic shape suited 19th-century requirements very well, and the Venetian-ness of the style appeared mainly in the elaborate windows, cornice and other decoration to the facade.
In North America the style was popularized by architectsCharles Amos Cummings,Frank Furness,Norman Shaw,William Robert Ware,Willard T. Sears, andFrederick William Stevens. In Australia, the architectWilliam Pitt was an exponent of the style andJoseph Reed was known to experiment in it also.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
Media related toVenetian Gothic architecture at Wikimedia Commons| By country or region | |
|---|---|
| By style | |
| By use | |
| Gothic Revival | |
| Related articles | |
