Variety show, also known asvariety arts orvariety entertainment, is entertainment made up of a variety of acts including musical performances,sketch comedy,magic,acrobatics,juggling, andventriloquism. It is normally introduced by acompère (master of ceremonies) or host. The variety format made its way from theVictorian era stage in Britain and America to radio and then television. Variety shows were a staple of English language television from the late 1940s into the 1980s.
While still widespread in some parts of the world, such as in the United Kingdom with theRoyal Variety Performance, and South Korea withRunning Man, the proliferation of multichannel television and evolving viewer tastes have affected the popularity of variety shows in the United States. Despite this, their influence has still had a major effect onlate night television whoselate-night talk shows andNBC's variety seriesSaturday Night Live (which originally premiered in 1975) have remained popular fixtures of American television.
The live entertainment style known asmusic hall in the United Kingdom andvaudeville in the United States can be considered a direct predecessor of the "variety show" format.[1] Variety in the UK evolved in theatres and music halls, and later inworking men's clubs. British performers who honed their skills in music hall sketches includeCharlie Chaplin,Stan Laurel,George Formby,Gracie Fields,Dan Leno,Gertrude Lawrence, andMarie Lloyd.[2] Most of the early top performers onBritish television and radio did an apprenticeship either in stage variety, or duringWorld War II inEntertainments National Service Association (ENSA). In the UK, the ultimate accolade for a variety artist for decades was to be asked to do the annualRoyal Command Performance at theLondon Palladium theatre, in front of the monarch. Later known as theRoyal Variety Performance (from 1919), it continues today. In the 1940s, Stan Laurel revisited his music hall days when he performed at theRoyal Variety show.[3]
In the United States former vaudeville performers such as theMarx Brothers,George Burns andGracie Allen,W. C. Fields, andJack Benny honed their skills in theBorscht Belt before moving totalkies, to radio shows, and then to television shows, including variety shows. Radio variety shows were the predominant form of light entertainment during theGolden Age of Radio from the late 1920s through the 1940s; such radio shows typically included a house vocalist, music from thehouse band, a stand-up monologue and a shortcomedy sketch. Variety shows centered on running comedy sketches with recurring characters eventually evolved into sitcoms (situation comedies).
Variety shows were among the first programs to be featured on television during the experimentalmechanical television era. Variety shows hosted byHelen Haynes andHarriet Lee are recorded in contemporary newspapers in 1931 and 1932; because of technical limits of the era, no recordings of either show have been preserved. AfterWorld War II, the genre again was an early favorite of the burgeoning electronic television industry;Hour Glass, dating to 1946, is the earliest surviving variety show, preserved in the form of audio recordings and still photographs. The genre proliferated during theGolden Age of Television, generally considered to be roughly 1948 to 1960. Many of these Golden Age variety shows were spin-offs or adaptations of previous radio variety shows.
From 1948 to 1971The Ed Sullivan Show was one ofCBS's most popular television series. Using his no-nonsense approach, hostEd Sullivan was instrumental in bringing many acts to prominence in the United States, includingElvis Presley andThe Beatles. One year after Sullivan's premiere,Music & the Spoken Word first aired on television. Having carried over from an already 20-year run on radio, the series airs a program of religious music, messages, and occasional interviews, and remains the longest-running variety show in U.S. television history. "The Arthur Murray Party" (1950–1960) was wildly popular and one of only 5 shows in the history of television to appear on all four major networks at the same time. The premise was a large dance party hosted byKathryn Murray andArthur Murray that showcased a new dance and a celebrity guest along with dozens of professional dancers. The show also hosted the only television appearance ofBuddy Holly andThe Crickets.The Lawrence Welk Show (1955–1982) would go on to become one of U.S. television's longest-running variety shows; based on the concept of thebig band remote from the old-time radio era, it was already one of the last shows of its kind when it debuted and far outlasted all other big-band centered broadcast series by the end of its run.
Other long-running American variety shows that premiered during this time includeTexaco Star Theatre (1948–1956),Jerry Lester'sCavalcade of Stars,Broadway Open House andChesterfield Sound-Off Time (1949–1952);The Jackie Gleason Show (1950–1955),The Garry Moore Show (1950–1967, in various incarnations),The Morey Amsterdam Show (1950–1954 in various incarnations),The Colgate Comedy Hour (1950–1955),Your Show of Shows (1950–1954),The Red Skelton Show (1951–1971),The Dinah Shore Show (1951–1957),The George Gobel Show (1954–1960) andThe Dinah Shore Chevy Show (1956–1963).Perry Como also hosted a series of variety shows that collectively ran from 1948 to 1969, followed by variety specials that ran until 1994.
Shorter-lived variety shows during this period includeThe Frank Sinatra Show (1950–1952),The Jimmy Durante Show (1954–1956) and a differentThe Frank Sinatra Show (1957–1958).
In the UKThe Good Old Days—which ran from 1953 to 1983—featured modern artists performing dressed in lateVictorian/EarlyEdwardian costume, either doing their own act or performing as a music hall artist of that period. The audience was also encouraged to dress in period costume in a similar fashion. Other long-running British variety shows that originated in the 1950s includeTonight at the London Palladium (1955–1969),The Black and White Minstrel Show (1958–1978),The White Heather Club (1958–1968) andRoyal Variety Performance (an annual event televised since the 1950s).
Popular American variety shows that began in the 60s include a revival ofThe Jackie Gleason Show (1960–1970),The Andy Williams Show (1962–1971),The Danny Kaye Show (1963–1967),The Hollywood Palace (1964–1970),The Dean Martin Show (1965–1974),The Carol Burnett Show (1967–1978),The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1967–1969) andRowan & Martin's Laugh-In (1968–73). 1969 saw a flurry of new variety shows with rural appeal:The Johnny Cash Show (1969–1971),The Jim Nabors Hour (1969–1971),The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour (1969–1972) andHee Haw (1969–1992).
Entertainers with less successful variety shows in the 1960s includeJudy Garland andSammy Davis Jr.
Some considerdisco to be the boiled-down essence of Seventiespop culture. But that doesn't quite cover it. Not everyone liked disco. In fact, a bunch of head-banging, beer-crushing rock jocksblew up a pile of disco records in theChicago White Soxoutfield.
If any art form truly encapsulates the entirety of '70s culture, it is the variety show. After all, the variety show was not an art form, it was all art forms. A variety show packed sketch comedy, dance choreography, guest celebrities and concert performances (okay, lip-synching) into one anything-goes show. A variety show isBroadway meetsSolid Gold meetsSaturday Night Live meetsSaturday morning.
In 1970 and 1971, the American TV networks, CBS especially, conducted the so-called "rural purge", in which shows that appealed to more rural and older audiences were canceled as part of a greater focus on appealing to wealthier demographics. Many variety shows, including long-running ones, were canceled as part of this "purge," with a few shows (such asHee Haw andThe Lawrence Welk Show) surviving and moving into first-runsyndication. Variety shows continued to be produced in the 1970s, with most of them stripped down to only music and comedy.
Popular variety shows that ran in the 1970s includeThe Flip Wilson Show (1970–1974),The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour (1971–1977, in various incarnations),TheBobby Goldsboro Show (1973–1975),The Hudson Brothers' Razzle Dazzle Show (1974–1975),The Midnight Special (1973–1981),Don Kirshner's Rock Concert (1973–1981),The Mac Davis Show (1974–1976),Tony Orlando and Dawn (1974–1976),Saturday Night Live (1975–present),Donny & Marie (1976–1979),The Muppet Show (1976–1981), andSha Na Na (1977–1981). Of all of these, onlySaturday Night Live remains on the air today, and has become the second-longest-running variety show in the history of American television.
Entertainers with weekly variety shows that ran for one season or less in the 1970s includeCaptain & Tennille,The Jacksons,The Keane Brothers,Bobby Darin,Mary Tyler Moore,Julie Andrews,Dolly Parton,Shields and Yarnell,The Manhattan Transfer,Starland Vocal Band, and the cast ofThe Brady Bunch.
Entertainers with variety-based TV specials in the 70s includeCarpenters,John Denver,Shirley MacLaine,Diana Ross, Bob Hope, and Pat Boone.Paul Lynde hosted a string of irregularly scheduledComedy Hours through the late 1970s.
By the late 1970s nearly every TV variety show had ended production. Audiences were clearly tiring of the format;[5] the highest-rated variety show of 1975,Cher, was only the 22nd-most watched show of the year.[6]
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By 1980 viewer interest in TV variety shows was rapidly waning. Most of the few new variety programs being produced were of remarkably poor quality (for instance, the infamousPink Lady and Jeff), hastening the format's demise, though a few moderately successful shows remained, such asBarbara Mandrell & the Mandrell Sisters (November 1980 to June 1982). A brief revival of the genre arose in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Variety shows from this era includedDolly (starringDolly Parton), which ran for 23 episodes on ABC during the 1987–88 season;The Tracey Ullman Show which aired on Fox from April 1987 through May 1990; a revival ofThe Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour from 1988 to 1989; a revival ofThe Carol Burnett Show, which was broadcast by CBS for nine episodes in 1991 (following up onCarol & Company on NBC the previous year); andShowtime'sThe Super Dave Osborne Show hosted byBob Einstein from 1987 to 1991 (itself a spinoff ofJohn Byner'sBizarre, which ran from 1980 to 1986). By the 1990s, networks had given up on the format; after initially promisingPhil Hartman his own variety show, NBC backed out of the agreement believing a variety show could no longer succeed.[7]
By the 21st century the variety show format was practically extinct, due largely to changing tastes and the fracturing of media audiences (caused by theproliferation of cable and satellite television) that makes a multiple-genre variety show impractical. Even reruns of variety shows have generally not been especially widespread;TV Land briefly broadcast repeats of some variety shows (namelyThe Ed Sullivan Show andThe Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour) upon its launch in 1996, but within a few years, reruns of most of those shows (exceptThe Flip Wilson Show) were discontinued. Similarly,CMT held the rights toHee Haw but broadcast very few episodes, opting mainly to hold the rights to allow them to create performance videos from the episodes to be shown in its video blocks. The current rights holder ofHee Haw,RFD-TV, has been more consistent broadcasting complete episodes of the program; RFD-TV also airs numerous othercountry-style variety shows from the 1960s and 1970s up through the present day, in a rarity for modern television. Another notable exception isThe Lawrence Welk Show, which has been frequently broadcast in reruns on thePublic Broadcasting Service (PBS) since 1986.The Danny Kaye Show returned to television in 2017 with reruns onJewish Life Television (and, in the case of a one-off Christmas special, the Christian-leaning networkINSP); JLTV dropped Kaye from its schedule at the end of 2018.The Carol Burnett Show, which had aired in severely edited form sporadically in syndication since it ended in 1977, returned intact in 2019 on numerous platforms.[8] Digital multicast networkgetTV shows variety shows on an irregular basis. The Spanish language variety showSabado Gigante, which began in 1962, and then moved from Chile to the United States in 1986, continued to produce and broadcast new episodes onUnivision until its cancellation in September 2015.
At least one national variety show continued on national radio into the 21st century.A Prairie Home Companion was founded and created byGarrison Keillor in 1974 as an homage to rural radio variety shows, featuring sketch comedy based onradio dramas of theold-time radio era, complete with faux commercials. (For a brief time in the late 1980s, the show was replaced withThe American Radio Company of the Air, also hosted and created by Keillor, was set in a more urban environment and likewise was based on old-time radio; its short run eventually morphed into a revival ofA Prairie Home Companion). In 2016, following Keillor's retirement,Chris Thile took over the program and, over the course of the next year, transformed it intoLive from Here, a more streamlined musical variety series.Live from Here, which moved to New York City in 2019, was cancelled due to budget cuts in 2020.
Improvisational comicWayne Brady, coming off his successful appearances on the panel gameWhose Line Is It Anyway?, launched an eponymous variety show in 2001, which aired on ABC.The Wayne Brady Show lasted only one summer season in its variety format; when the show returned the next year in syndication, it had been reformatted as a talk show, under which format it ran until 2004.
Fox'sOsbournes Reloaded, a variety show featuring the family of rockerOzzy Osbourne, was canceled after only one episode had been telecast in 2009. More than two dozen affiliates refused to telecast the first episode of the show. This series had been slated for a six-episode run.
NBC has made repeated attempts at reviving the variety format since the late 2000s (the network's last successful variety series,Michael Nesmith's short-lived but influentialTelevision Parts, was broadcast in the summer of 1985) . A pilot episode forRosie Live was telecast the day beforeThanksgiving Day in 2008 and, after receiving middling ratings and extremely poor reviews, was not picked up for its originally planned run in January 2009. In May 2014, NBC airedThe Maya Rudolph Show, a variety show starringSNL performerMaya Rudolph. LikeRosie Live, the broadcast was intended to be a one-off special, but with the possibility of additional episodes depending on its performance.[9][10] The special won its time slot, due mainly to a strong lead-in,[11] and spawned the May 2016 premiere ofMaya & Marty, adding fellowSNL cast memberMartin Short; under that format,Maya & Marty lasted six episodes. Earlier that season, NBC airedBest Time Ever, an adaptation of the British variety game showAnt & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway starring actorNeil Patrick Harris which was ultimately unsuccessful.[12][13]
Starting in the 1950s, some entertainers became associated with variety television specials that would recur on a regular basis, in some cases for decades, on American network TV. Such entertainers includedBob Hope,Bing Crosby,Perry Como,Andy Williams andMitzi Gaynor. Many of these were Christmas variety specials, which often showed the star in a set meant to look like their home, welcoming singers and other guests to perform duets ofChristmas songs. The popularity of these Christmas shows outlasted that of weekly variety shows. In 1973, for example, even as variety shows were starting to fade in popularity, variety Christmas specials hosted by Williams and Como both attracted an enormous 40% of the American television audience.[14] Williams's andJohnny Cash's annual Christmas specials outlasted the regularly scheduled variety shows that spawned them by several years. Also,Barbara Mandrell Christmas special. Christmas variety specials' popularity continued into the 1990s, before starting to wane in the 2000s.[14] Nevertheless, the tradition has continued. Entertainers who have hosted Christmas variety specials in the 21st century includeKid Rock,Nick Lachey andJessica Simpson,Carrie Underwood,Lady Gaga,Michael Buble,Bill Murray,Gwen Stefani, andDarci Lynne.
Though the format faded in popularity in prime time, it thrived in American late-night TV. Night-time variety shows eventually evolved intolate-night talk shows, which combine variety entertainment (primarily comedy and live music) with the aspects of a talk show (such as interviews with celebrities). TheEmmy Awards academy considers the two genres to be related closely enough that, until 2015, thePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series was open to any of these types of show; in 2015, the academy separated late-night talk shows and sketch comedy series into separate categories.
DuringJohnny Carson's tenure onThe Tonight Show on NBC from 1962 to 1992, the show dominated late night ratings, and the other networks attempted late-night talk shows only sporadically. This changed with Carson's retirement, and other networks began to air their own talk show competitors, starting withLate Show with David Letterman on CBS in 1993. As of the current generation of U.S. hosts, late-night talk shows vary widely on their resemblance to the original variety format, withJimmy Fallon's incarnation ofThe Tonight Show putting heavy emphasis on sketch and game segments incorporating celebrity guests (especially involving music), whileThe Late Show with Stephen Colbert has placed a larger emphasis onnews satire similar to itshost's previousComedy Central late-night programThe Colbert Report (where Colbert portrayed himself as a parody ofrightwing pundits).
The Richard Bey Show combined the variety show with thetabloid talk show, not only having its guests talk about their problems but also having them participate in absurdist games, andSally Jesse Raphael was known for occasionally having music and fashion in the show, especiallydrag and gender-bending performances.
American sketch comedy series such asSaturday Night Live,In Living Color,Almost Live! (and its successorUp Late NW),MADtv, andSCTV also contain variety show elements, particularly musical performances and comedy sketches. The most obvious difference between shows such asSaturday Night Live and traditional variety shows is the lack of a single lead host (or hosts) and a largeensemble cast.SNL has used different guest hosts ever since its inception.
Televised talent shows have a variety show element, in that they feature a variety of different acts. Examples of US talent shows that feature entertainers from a broad variety of disciplines includeStar Search, which had a run in the 1980s in syndication and a run onCBS in the early 2000s during the reality television boom;The Gong Show, which reached its peak in the 1970s but has had occasional revivals since then; and the worldwideGot Talent franchise.
The variety show format also continued in America in the form of thetelethon, which feature variety entertainment (often music) interspersed with appeals for viewers to make donations to support a charity or cause. TheJerry Lewis MDA Telethon was one of the best known telethons in the US, but it too was eventually canceled after several years of shortening (originally over 21 hours, by the time of its last telecast in 2014, by which point Lewis had been gone from the telethon several years, it was down to two hours). Another popular telethon, forUnited Cerebral Palsy, ended its run in 1998 shortly after the death of its founder and figurehead,Dennis James. Likewise only a handful of long-established local telethons remain.
The prime time variety show format was popular in the early decades of Australian television, spawning such series asIn Melbourne Tonight,The Graham Kennedy Show,The Don Lane Show, andHey Hey It's Saturday, which ran for 27 years. Recent prime time variety shows include the short livedMicallef Tonight andThe Sideshow.
In Brazil variety shows are referred to as ashow de auditório (lit. "auditorium show").[15] Among the longest-running variety shows on Brazilian television have beenSBT'sPrograma Silvio Santos (1963–present), which was originally hosted by SBT's owner and founderSilvio Santos (and is presently hosted by his daughterPatricia Abravanel), andTV Globo'sDomingão do Faustão (1989–2021), which was hosted byFausto Silva until he departed the network to host ashort-lived variety show onRede Bandeirantes.[16][17][18][19]
Two notable Taiwanese variety shows areGuess (1996–2012) and100% Entertainment (1997–present). East Asian variety programs are known for their constant use of sound effects, on-screen visuals and comedic bantering. Many of the shows are presented in a live-like presentation in a fast-paced setting, with scenes repeating or fast forwarded.
Another popular variety show in Taiwan wasKangsi Coming (2004–2016). It was famous for its bantering, which was scripted.
The first Cantonese variety show to become a major success was Hong Kong'sEnjoy Yourself Tonight, which first aired in 1967 and ran for 27 years. In Hong Kong, variety shows are often combined with elements of a cooking show or a talent competition but end in various results.
Iran had a private television company that had broadcast Iran television network channel before national television, it aired variety shows.[20]
Variety programming has remained one of the dominant genres of television programming.[21] While Japanese variety shows are famous abroad for their wild stunts, they vary from talk shows to music shows, from tabloid news shows to skit comedy. The prominent use oftelop on screen has created a style that has influenced variety programming across Asia. One of the most popular variety shows in Japan includesDowntown no Gaki no Tsukai.
Soviet variety television established itself as a cornerstone of cultural life, with iconic shows that entertained millions and reflected societal values.Little Blue Light (Goluboy Ogonyok), which debuted in 1962, became a New Year's Eve tradition, blending music, comedy sketches, and celebrity interviews in a convivial atmosphere that connected audiences with popular Soviet stars. Around the same time,Wider Circle (Shire Krug) expanded the format to emphasize cultural diversity, featuring folk performances, community events, and discussions of national achievements to promote unity. Adding satire to the mix,Pub "13 Chairs" (Kabachok "13 Stulyev"), aired from 1966 to 1980, and entertained viewers with its fictional Polish café setting, where characters performed comedic sketches and musical numbers inspired by Eastern Bloc satire magazines, offering subtle commentary on contemporary life. Meanwhile,Pesnya Goda (Song of the Year), launched in 1971, became an annual celebration of the year's top songs and performers, evolving into a prestigious platform that mirrored shifts in Russian music and society.
InSouth Korea, the hugely popular showInfinite Challenge, has been broadcast byMBC from 2005 to 2018, was a new model of this, called "Real Variety Show". It combined comedy and variety scenes including unscripted stunts and special guest stars while taking place in various settings. Although many variety shows have existed in Korea long before the broadcast ofInfinite Challenge, this program has given a rise to a new page in the history of Korean variety shows by introducing unscripted stunts. As a result, other broadcasting channels such asKBS andSBS have followed its path and introduced programs such as2 Days & 1 Night andRunning Man. These types of Korean variety shows are grabbing foreign interest of countries such as Japan, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and even the United States bringing on a new type of the Korean wave globally.
Variety shows are a huge part of daily life in the Philippines, with all of the major networks running their own variety shows usually during lunchtime and can be on the air for between one and a half hours to three hours. The most notable Philippine variety show is the longest-runningEat Bulaga, which premiered in 1979 and has aired onRPN,ABS-CBN,GMA, andTV5 in the succeeding years. Recently many other TV networks are different formats of variety. ABS-CBN'sIt's Showtime has also shown great popularity and interest to Filipino viewers.
Siempre en Domingo premiered in 1969 withRaúl Velasco hosting. It became Mexico's longest-running variety series, remaining onTelevisa until 1998. Other long-running variety shows, most of which have been Televisa productions, have includedLa Carabina de Ambrosio,Anabel,Al Fin de Semana,Silvia yEnrique,La Parodia,Muevete,Desmadruga2, andSabadazo.. Most, if not all, of Televisa's variety shows have aired in other countries, including the Univision networks in the United States.
InVenezuela, the best known variety show isSúper Sábado Sensacional. Originally established in 1968 (asSábado Espectacular) onRadio Caracas Television, the show moved toVenevision in 1970 and was renamedSábado Sensacional. In 1990, "Súper" was added to the title, and is how the show is currently known today.
TheSpanish-language variety show known asSábados Gigantes (forerunner of the U.S.Sábado Gigante) began in 1962 withDon Francisco and lasted into the 1990s. His daughter, Vivianne Kreutzberger, currently hosts the program under the titleGigantes con Vivi, while Don Francisco has hosted the U.S. version since 12 April 1986 until the end of the show's run on 19 September 2015.
Throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, the producersMaritie and Gilbert Carpentier created the most popular variety shows onFrench television, includingLe Sacha Show (1963–1971) hosted bySacha Distel,Top à... (1972–1974),Numéro Un (1975–1982) and a lot of television specials presented by various famous singers (Johnny Hallyday,Sylvie Vartan,Claude François,Petula Clark).
From 1965 to 1970 was also airedDim Dam Dom, a modern, playful and sophisticated show intended for a female audience and produced byElle chief editor Daisy de Galard. Each episode ofDim Dam Dom was hosted in an all-white studio set by a differentspeakerine (a female continuity announcer), usually a popular actress or singer likeFrançoise Hardy,Marie Laforêt,Geraldine Chaplin,France Gall,Jane Birkin,Françoise Fabian,Romy Schneider.
Variety shows with an emphasis on comedy sketches were popular in the United Kingdom from the late 1960s until the 1980s. Two of the longest-running and most popular series wereMorecambe and Wise andThe Two Ronnies.
The dictionary definition ofvariety show at Wiktionary
