Keboedajaän dan Masjarakat. Madjallah Boelanan berdasar Kebangsaän [= Kebudayaan dan Masyarakat. Majalah Bulanan berdasar Kebangsaan ("Culture and Society. Monthly Magazines by Nationality" in the modern spelling)] (1939) uses the Van Ophuijsen Spelling System which showstréma signs.
Prof.Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen [nl;id], who devised the orthography, was a Dutch linguist. He was a former inspector in a school atBukittinggi, West Sumatra in the 1890s, before he became a professor of the Malay language atLeiden University in the Netherlands. Together with two native assistants, Engku Nawawi and Mohammed Taib Sultan Ibrahim, he published the new orthography onKitab Logat Malajoe: Woordenlijst voor Spelling der Maleische Taal in 1901, and published a second book,Maleische Spraakkunst, in 1910. The latter was translated by T.W. Kamil intoTata Bahasa Melayu in 1983 and became the primary guide for the spelling and usage of the Malay language in Indonesia.[2]
The Van Ophuijsen system was modelled extensively onDutch orthography, ostensibly to make pronunciation of Malay and Indonesian words more easily understandable to Dutch colonial authorities. Thus, the system used the Dutch variant of theLatin script, reflecting contemporaneousDutch phonology. Some noticeable characteristics of this spelling system were:[3]
The digraph ⟨dj⟩ was used to write "j"[dʒ], for exampledjari (jari).
The digraph ⟨tj⟩ was used to write "c"[tʃ], for exampletjoetji (cuci).
The letter ⟨j⟩ was used to write "y"[j], for examplejang,pajah andsajang (yang, payah, and sayang).
The digraph ⟨nj⟩ was used to write "ny"[ɲ], for examplenjamoek (nyamuk).
The digraph ⟨sj⟩ was used to write "sy"[ʃ], for examplesjarat (syarat).
The digraph ⟨ch⟩ was used to write "kh"[x], for exampleachir (akhir).
The digraph ⟨oe⟩ was used to write "u"[u], for examplegoeroe,itoe andoemoer (guru, itu, and umur).
An apostrophe was used to write the glottal stop[ʔ], for examplema'moer,'akal,ta' andpa'.
Adiaeresis, for example ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ë⟩, ⟨ï⟩, and ⟨ö⟩, was used to indicate that a vowel was pronounced as a full syllable and not as a diphthong (⟨ai⟩[ai̯], ⟨au⟩[au̯] and ⟨oi⟩[oi̯]), for exampledinamaï (pronounced as[dinamai], not[dinamai̯]).
The letter ⟨é⟩ with anacute was used to write[ɛ], while plain ⟨e⟩ indicated[ə], for exampleénak vs.beli. This character retains some use in pedagogical writing, as in dictionaries and learner materials, to distinguish[ɛ] and[ə], though in the modernIndonesian Spelling System, both are normally written ⟨e⟩.
While the Van Ophuijsen system greatly aided Dutch speakers in pronouncing the Indonesian language, its complete reliance on Dutch orthography, which is rich in digraphs and trigraphs, often resulted in unwieldy spellings of Indonesian words. For example:
The digraph⟨oe⟩ for[u] resulted in a conspicuous absence of the letter⟨u⟩ in contemporary Indonesian texts, as⟨u⟩ in Dutch orthography represents[ʏ] or[y] — sounds which do not exist in Indonesian. This produced awkward spellings, sometimes with three vowel graphemes occurring in a row, e.g.koeat anddjaoeh; modern spellingkuat andjauh ("strong" and "far").
The digraphs⟨dj⟩ and⟨tj⟩ for[dʒ] and[tʃ] were used to represent single sounds in Indonesian, and would eventually be simplified to⟨j⟩ and⟨c⟩ in modern Indonesian orthography. Both⟨nj⟩[ɲ] and⟨sj⟩[ʃ] have been retained as digraphs, but changed to⟨ny⟩ and⟨sy⟩.
The diaeresis was often redundant, especially when indicatingglottal stops in between two identical consecutive vowels, e.g.keboedajaän. The Dutch language regularly employs⟨aa⟩,⟨ee⟩,⟨oo⟩ and⟨uu⟩ to represent long vowels, and uses diaereses to signify separate sounds in vowel clusters, e.g.tweeëntwintig ("twenty-two"). However, there is no short/long vowel distinction in Indonesian. As such, it was not necessary to include a diaeresis in words such askeboedajaän,kebanggaän,keënakan and so on; the doubled vowels already signal that they are voiced separately, without the need for a diaeresis.
Van Ophuijsen spellings continue to be frequently used inIndonesian names likeSoerjadjaja (Suryajaya, also written in a mixed spelling asSoeryadjaya). Since spelling of Indonesian names are fluid, usage can also be inconsistent: for example,Sukarno wrote his own name with au, but signed it asSoekarno.[4]
^Vikør, Lars S. (1988).Perfecting spelling : spelling discussions and reforms in Indonesia and Malaysia, 1900-1972 : with an appendix on Old Malay spelling and phonology. Dordrecht, Holland: Foris Publications.ISBN90-6765-237-7.OCLC19648139.
