Valleyspeak, or valspeak, is a (stereotypical)California Englishsocial dialect and accompanying vocal features, best associated with valley girls, though elements of it may be used by other demographics, including some men of a similar background ("val dudes").[3] Thissociolect became an internationalfad for a certain period in the 1980s and 1990s, with a peak period from around 1981 to 1985.[citation needed] Valleyspeak is popularly characterized by both the steady use ofuptalk and its vocabulary.[4]
This lends itself to explicitlanguage ideologies about dialects in the area as they receive more scrutiny than dialects in other nearby regions. Linguistic characteristics of valleyspeak are often thought to be "silly" and "superficial" and seen as a sign of low intelligence. Speakers are also often perceived as "materialistic" and"air-headed". The use of "like" or the quotative phrase "be like" are often ideologically linked to California and Valleyspeak despite the now-widespread use of the terms among youth, which results in their also receiving the "superficial" cast. In the national understanding, California speech is thought to be a product of the combination of Valley girl and surfer dude speech, and "is associated with good English, but never proper".[5]
A study on regional language ideologies done in California in 2007 found that, despite its prevalence and association with California in past decades, Californians themselves do not consider "Valley girls" to be an overly prevalent social or linguistic group within the state. State residents listed factors such as immigrant populations and north–south regional slang as more relevant than Valleyspeak within the state.[6]
Amanda Ritchart, a doctoral candidate studying linguistics at theUniversity of California, San Diego, analyzed 23-year-olds (college age students) from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnicities, specifically in the Southern California region.[7] After this study, Ritchart once stated, "Women used uptalk more frequently than men did. Their pitch rose higher overall, and the rise began much later in the phrase." Even though the gender difference is notable, the majority of both men and women speak in uptalk inSouthern California. In fact, 100% of the participants used uptalk when they asked a confirming question, such as "Go all the way to the right in the middle where it says Canyon Hills?"[8]
According to the article "What's Up With Upspeak?",[9] when women use Valleyspeak, it is assumed that they have "inferior speech" patterns. For men, the high rise of intonation usually "plateaued" at certain points, especially in situations where they didn't want to be interrupted.[10]
The sound of Valleyspeak has these main habits: nasal sound;[citation needed] breathiness;[citation needed] uptalk, or the sound of a question; andvocal fry.
High rising terminal (also called "up speak" or "uptalk") is a defining feature of Valleyspeak. Statements have a rising intonation, causing declarative language to appear interrogative to listeners unfamiliar with the dialect. Research on uptalk has found a number ofpragmatic uses, including confirming that the interlocutor follows what is being said and indicating that the speaker has more to say and so their conversation partner should not interrupt them (also called "floor holding").[11] Another use is as a confirmation statement of general agreement, such as "I know, right?" or simply "right?". The difference between the intonation of a question, confirmation statements, and floor holding is determined by the extent of the rise and its location within the phrase.[12] The high rising terminal feature has spread and been adopted outside the geographical area and groups originally associated with Valleyspeak including, in some cases, men.[13][3][14] (However, in some varieties of English,usage of high rising terminal emerged independently and/or has been documented as preceding Valleyspeak by decades, such as in Australian English and New Zealand English.)
"Like" as adiscourse marker. "Like" is used as afiller word, similar to "um" or "er", as in, "I'm, like, totally about to blow chunks." When "like" is functioning as a discourse marker, the word itself does not semantically change the phrase or sentence. Instead, it provides time for the speaker to formulate what they will say next. The word is always unstressed when used in this way. It is important to note that "like" does not always function as a discourse marker in Valspeak. Consider the following two sentences: "It was like 8 feet deep" and "I think that, like, it is entertaining." Even though both sentences contain the word "like," they employ it differently. In the former, "like" serves as an adverb that is synonymous with "approximately", whereas the latter "like" is a discourse marker, adding no additional meaning to the sentence.[15] Furthermore, "like" is frequently used to introduce quoted speech. For example, a person can recount a conversation by stating, "So, um, I'm like 'Where did he go?' and she was um, like, 'I don't know, I haven't seen him.'"[16]
"To be like" as acolloquialquotative. "Like" (always unstressed) is used to indicate that what follows is not necessarily an exact quotation of what was said, but captures the meaning and intention of the quoted speech. As an example, in "And I was like, 'don't ever speak to my boyfriend again'", the speaker is indicating that they may or may not have literally said those words, but they conveyed that idea. "Be like" can introduce both a monologue or direct speech, allowing a speaker to express an attitude, reaction, or thought, or to use the phrase to signal quotation.[17]
Particular slang terms, including "to be all" or "to be all like" used in the same manner as "to be like", "whatever" or "as if" used to express any disbelief, "totally" meaning "quite" or "very", "seriously" as a frequent interjection of approval or an inquiry of veracity, "bitchin'" meaning "excellent", and "grody" meaning "dirty".[citation needed]
Vocal fry is characterized by "low, creaky vibrations" or a "guttural vibration". Researchers have studied two qualities of this speech pattern, such as thejitter (variation in pitch) andshimmer (variation in volume). When women tend to speak with thesemannerisms, they are perceived as less competent, less hirable, less trustworthy, or less educated.[18] A prominent example isKim Kardashian.[19]
Laraine Newman is often credited with the introduction of the "Valley Girl Accent" after her portrayal of her original character Sherry on Saturday Night Live starting in 1975.
The 1982 hit single "Valley Girl" byFrank Zappa, on which his fourteen-year-old daughterMoon delivered a monologue in "Valleyspeak" behind the music, brought wider attention to Valspeak and the term "Valley Girl". This song popularized phrases such as "grody to the max" and "gag me with a spoon" as well as the use of the term "like", which did not originate in Valleyspeak, as a discourse marker.[5] Zappa intended to lampoon the image, but after the song's release there was a significant increase in the "Valspeak" slang usage, whether ironically spoken or not.[20] Moon herself portrayed a Valley Girl in the episode "Speedway Fever", the fifth episode of the sixth season of the TV seriesCHiPs.
The character of Jennifer DiNuccio, played byTracy Nelson in the 1982–1983sitcomSquare Pegs, was an early example of the Valley Girl stereotype. According to an interview with Nelson included on the 2008DVD release of the series, she developed the character's Valleyspeak and personality prior to the Zappa recording's popularity.[21]
The 1983 filmValley Girl starringNicolas Cage andDeborah Foreman[22] centered on a group of "Valley Girl" characters and featured several characterizations associated with their lifestyle (such as going shopping at the mall or "Galleria", suntanning at the beach, and going to parties).
In the animated TV seriesTiny Toon Adventures,Shirley the Loon, ananthropomorphicwaterfowl, speaks with a thick valley girl accent and is quite smart but also obsessed withNew Age paraphernalia and also seems to have some magic abilities. She appears not to notice the other meaning of her surname as she often recites "oh, what a loon i am" while meditating.[23][24]
Cher Horowitz, the protagonist of the 1995 filmClueless, played byAlicia Silverstone, has been described as a caricature of 1990s Valley Girls, though she is actually from nearbyBeverly Hills and even before making awkward but sincere efforts to live a more purposeful life, was somewhat altruistic.[25][26][27][28]
On the 1990s television seriesHercules: The Legendary Journeys andXena: Warrior Princess the character ofAphrodite, the goddess of love, played byAlexandra Tydings, speaks with a heavy Valley Girl accent, despite the anachronism of the series taking place in Ancient Greece. She also has an obsession with material possessions and her own physical attractiveness.
American Girl doll Courtney Moore, a historical character from 1986, has an older stepsister named Tina D'Amico, who is often referred to as a valley girl by doll collectors, despite Tina herself not yet becoming an official doll. Tina and Courtney live in Orange Valley, a fictional version ofLos Angeles.[29]
In her 2015 memoir entitledWildflower, actressDrew Barrymore says she talks "like a Valley girl" because she lived inSherman Oaks from the age of 7 to 14.[30]
The "influencer speak" or "TikTok voice" accent prominent on digital platforms such asTikTok is believed to originate from the valley girl accent.[31]
^Villarreal, Dan (1 December 2016). "Do I Sound Like a Valley Girl to You? Perceptual Dialectology and Language Attitudes in California".Publication of the American Dialect Society.101 (1): 57.doi:10.1215/00031283-3772901.ISSN0002-8207.
^Blyth, C., Recktenwald, S., & Wang, J. (1990). I'm like, "Say What?!": A New Quotative in American Oral Narrative.American Speech,65(3), 215-227.doi:10.2307/455910
^Watson, Ben (1994).Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play. Quartet Books. p. 396.ISBN978-0-7033-7066-2.
^"Weemawee Yearbook Memories: Tracy Nelson andClaudette Wells", a featurette on the DVD releaseSquare Pegs: The Like, Totally Complete Series ... Totally (Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2008).
^Barrymore, Drew (2015).Wildflower. New York: Dutton. pp. 2, 7.ISBN978-1-101-98379-9.OCLC904421431.As if I had been lobotomized, we packed our things and moved into our new home, indeed in Sherman Oaks, in 1983. It's why I still talk like a valley girl. That cadence snuck into my life at that spongelike age of eight and never left.
Blyth, C., Recktenwald, S., & Wang, J. (1990). I'm like, "Say What?!": A New Quotative in American Oral Narrative.American Speech,65(3), 215–227.doi:10.2307/455910
Bucholtz, M., Bermudez, N., Fung, V., Edwards, L., & Vargas, R. (2007). Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal?: The Perceptual Dialectology of California. Journal of English Linguistics, 35(4), 325–352.doi:10.1177/0075424207307780
