Vai ꕙꔤ
Script type	Syllabary
Period	1830s–present
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Vai,Gola
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Vaii(470), ​Vai
Unicode
Unicode alias	Vai
Unicode range	U+A500–U+A63F
This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

TheVai syllabary is asyllabic writing system devised for theVai language byMomolu Duwalu Bukele of Jondu, in what is nowGrand Cape Mount County,Liberia.^[1][2][3] Bukele is regarded within theVai community, as well as by most scholars, as the syllabary's inventor and chief promoter when it was first documented in the 1830s. It is one of the two most successful indigenous scripts inWest Africa in terms of the number of current users and the availability of literature written in the script, the other beingN'Ko.^[4][5]

Vai is a syllabic script written from left to right that represents CVsyllables; a final nasal is written with the same glyph as the Vai syllabic nasal. Originally there were separate glyphs for syllables ending in a nasal, such asdon, with a long vowel, such assoo, with a diphthong, such asbai, as well asbili andsɛli. However, these have been dropped from the modern script.

The syllabary did not distinguish all the syllables of theVai language until the 1960s when theUniversity of Liberia added distinctions by modifying certain glyphs with dots or extra strokes to cover all CV syllables in use. There are relatively few glyphs for nasal vowels because only a few occur with each consonant.^{[clarification needed]}

The symbols used to write words evolved to become visually simpler over time, and an analysis has shown that they can do so over just a few generations.^[6][7]

In the 1960s scholars began suggesting that theCherokee syllabary of North America may have provided a model for the design of the Vai syllabary in Liberia.^[8] The Vai syllabary emerged about 1832/33. This was at a time when American missionaries were working to use the Cherokee syllabary as a model for writing Liberian languages.^[9] Another link may have beenCherokee who emigrated to Liberia after the invention of the Cherokee syllabary (which in its early years spread rapidly among the Cherokee) but before the invention of the Vai syllabary. One such man, Cherokee Austin Curtis, married into a prominent Vai family and became an important Vai chief himself. The romantic "inscription on a house" that first drew the world's attention to the existence of the Vai script was in fact on the home of Curtis, a Cherokee.^[10]

What we can be reasonably sure about is that Curtis was not only a well-connected and influential man within the Vai community, but one who spoke the Vai language and adopted Vai customs, who settled in Vai country some four years before the invention of the Vai script, and who later appears to have welcomed the use of the script on his house.If Curtis was informed about the Cherokee script,if he was already resident atCape Mount by 1827/28, andif he made contact with any of the mission party atBig Town - Revey or even his Vai-speaking assistants – it is conceivable that the notion of a syllabary reached the Vai by this route – but perhaps not very likely. Finally, whether the argument from coincidence should have any weight is difficult to say, but that two new scripts sharing the same basic structure, invented a continent apart within little more than a decade of each other, can each be linked, however tenuously (given the limited evidence), to the same individual, may reasonably be regarded as at least singular. (Tuchscherer and Hair 2002)

Vai has distinct basic punctuation marks:^[11]

Additional punctuation marks are taken from European usage.

The oldest Vai texts used variouslogograms. Of these, onlyꘓ andꘘ are still in use.^[11]

• Modern <ka>; at the time now-obsolete ꘑ was used for <ka>.

Vai usesArabic numerals (0–9). In the 1920s Vai-specific digits were developed but never adopted:^[12]

One ofMomolu Duwalu Bukele's cousins, Kaali Bala Ndole Wano, wrote a long manuscript around 1845 called theBook of Ndole orBook of Rora under thepen name Rora.This roughly fifty page manuscript contains several now obsolete symbols:^[11]

The Vai syllabary was added to theUnicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1.

In Windows 7 and earlier, since this version only gives names for characters released in Unicode 5.0 and earlier, the names will either be blank (Microsoft Word applications) or "Undefined" (Character Map).

The Unicode block for Vai is U+A500–U+A63F. Code points in this block are contiguous without the gaps shown in the "Syllables" table above.

• Fatima Massaquoi-Fahnbulleh. 1963. "The Seminar on the Standardization of the Vai script," inUniversity of Liberia Journal Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 15–37.
• "Vai syllabary".Omniglot. Retrieved16 June 2010.
• Kelly, Piers, James Winters, Helena Miton, and Olivier Morin. "The predictable evolution of letter shapes: An emergent script of West Africa recapitulates historical change in writing systems."Current Anthropology 62, no. 6 (2021). [on simplifications over time for Vai symbols]
• Tuchscherer, Konrad. 2005. "History of Writing in Africa." InAfricana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (second edition), ed. byKwame Anthony Appiah andHenry Louis Gates, Jr., pp. 476–480. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Tuchscherer, Konrad. 2002 (with P.E.H. Hair). "Cherokee and West Africa: Examining the Origins of the Vai Script,"History in Africa, 29, pp. 427–486.
• Tuchscherer, Konrad. 2001. "The Vai Script," inLiberia: Africa's First Republic (Footsteps magazine). Petersborough, NH: Cobblestone Press.
• Tykhostup, Olena and Piers Kelly. 2017. "A diachronic comparison of the Vai script of Liberia (1834–2005)."Journal of Open Humanities Data 4:2.doi:10.5334/johnd.10.

• Ethnologue on Vai
• Scripts of Africa
• Input tool and Unicode font for using Vai on Windows XP
• SIL on Vai

• Syllabary writing systems
• Writing systems of Africa
• Vai language
• Constructed scripts
• 1830 introductions
• 1830 establishments in Africa
• Writing systems introduced in the 19th century

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Use dmy dates from December 2020
• Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes
• Pages with plain IPA
• Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011