| Müllerian agenesis | |
|---|---|
| Other names |
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| A patient displaying Müllerian agenesis | |
| Specialty | Gynecology |
| Symptoms | Missinguterus and variable degrees ofvaginal hypoplasia |
| Frequency | 1 in 4,500 females[1] |
Müllerian agenesis, also known asMüllerian aplasia,vaginal agenesis, orMayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome (MRKH syndrome), is acongenital malformation characterized by a failure of theMüllerian ducts to develop, resulting in a missinguterus and variable degrees ofvaginal hypoplasia of its upper portion. Müllerian agenesis (including absence of the uterus,cervix and/orvagina) is the cause in 15% of cases of primaryamenorrhoea.[2] Because most of the vagina does not develop from the Müllerian duct, instead developing from theurogenital sinus, along with thebladder andurethra, it is present even when the Müllerian duct is completely absent. Becauseovaries do not develop from the Müllerian ducts, affected people might have normalsecondary sexual characteristics but areinfertile due to the lack of a functional uterus. However, biological motherhood is possible throughuterus transplantation or use of gestationalsurrogates.
Müllerian agenesis is hypothesized to be a result ofautosomal dominant inheritance with incompletepenetrance and variableexpressivity, which contributes to the complexity involved in identifying the underlying causal mechanisms. Because of the variance in inheritance, penetrance and expressivity patterns, Müllerian agenesis is subdivided into two types: type 1, in which only the structures developing from the Müllerian duct are affected (the upper vagina, cervix, and uterus), and type 2, wherein the same structures are affected, but other body systems, most often the renal and skeletal systems, have additional malformations. Type 2 includes MURCS (Müllerian Renal Cervical Somite).
The majority of Müllerian agenesis cases are characterized as sporadic, but familial cases have provided evidence that, at least for some patients, it is an inherited disorder. The underlying causes are still being investigated, but several causative genes have been studied for their possible association with the syndrome. Most of these studies have served to rule-out genes as causative factors, but thus far, onlyWNT4 has been associated with Müllerian agenesis withhyperandrogenism.[3][4]
Reports of Müllerian agenesis can be traced back to Hippocrates (460 B.C.–377 B.C.).[5][6] Themedical eponym honorsAugust Franz Josef Karl Mayer (1787–1865),Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky (1804–1878), Hermann Küster (1879–1964) and Georges Andre Hauser (1921–2009).
A female with this condition is hormonally normal; that is, the woman will enterpuberty with development ofsecondary sexual characteristics includingthelarche (breast development) andpubarche (pubic hair). The woman's karyotype will be 46,XX. At least one ovary is intact, if not both, andovulation usually occurs. Typically, thevagina is shortened and intercourse may, in some cases, be difficult and painful. Medical examination supported bygynecologic ultrasonography demonstrates a complete or partial absence of thecervix,uterus, and vagina.[citation needed]
If there is no uterus, a woman with Müllerian agenesis cannot carry a pregnancy without intervention. It is possible for the woman to have genetic offspring byin vitro fertilization (IVF) andsurrogacy. Successful uterine transplant has been performed in limited numbers of patients, resulting in several live births, but the technique is not widespread or accessible to many women.[7]
A woman with Müllerian agenesis typically discovers the condition when, during puberty years, the menstrual cycle does not start (primaryamenorrhoea). Some find out earlier through surgeries for other conditions, such as ahernia.[citation needed]
The etiology of Müllerian agenesis in many cases remains elusive.[8] However,mutations in a variety of differentgenes have been implicated in causing MRKH syndrome.[9][10][11] The typical and atypical forms of the disorder are presumably caused by mutations in different genes.[8]
WNT4 (found on theshort arm (p) ofchromosome 1) has been clearly implicated in the atypical version of this disorder. A genetic mutation causes aleucine toproline residue substitution at amino acid position 12.[12] This occurrence reduces the intranuclear levels ofβ catenin. In addition, it removes the inhibition of steroidogenic enzymes like 3β-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase and 17α-hydroxylase. Patients therefore have androgen excess.[12] Furthermore, withoutWNT4, theMüllerian duct is either deformed or absent. Female reproductive organs, such as the cervix,fallopian tubes, and much of the vagina, are hence affected.[13]
An association with17q12 microdeletion syndrome, a deletion mutation in thelong arm (q) ofchromosome 17, has been reported. The geneLHX1 is located in this region and may be the cause of a number of these cases.[14]
A number of treatments have become available to create a functioning vagina. Standard approaches use vaginal dilators and/or surgery to develop a functioning vagina to allow forpenetrative sexual intercourse.
A number of surgical approaches have been used. In theMcIndoe procedure, a skin graft is applied to form anartificial vagina. After the surgery, dilators are still necessary to preventvaginal stenosis. TheVecchietti procedure has been shown to result in a vagina that is comparable to a typical vagina.[15][16] In the Vecchietti procedure, a small plastic “olive” is threaded against the vaginal area, and the threads are drawn through the vaginal skin, up through the abdomen and navel usinglaparoscopic surgery. There, the threads are attached to a traction device. The traction device is then tightened daily so the “olive” is pulled inwards and stretches the vagina by approximately 1 cm per day, creating a vagina approximately 7 cm deep in 7 days. The operation takes approximately 45 minutes.[17] Another approach is the use of anautotransplant of a resectedsigmoid colon using laparoscopic surgery; results are reported to be very good, with the transplant becoming a functional vagina.[18]
Uterine transplantation has been performed in a number of people with Müllerian agenesis, but the surgery is still in the experimental stage.[19] Sinceovaries are present, people with this condition can have genetic children throughIVF withembryo transfer to agestational carrier. Some also choose to adopt.[20][21]
In October 2014, it was reported that a month earlier a 36-year-old Swedish woman became the first woman with atransplanted uterus to give birth to a healthy baby. The mother was born without a uterus, but had functioning ovaries. She and the father used IVF to produce 11 embryos, which were then frozen. Doctors at the University of Gothenburg then performed the uterus transplant, the donor being a 61-year-old family friend. One of the frozen embryos was implanted a year after the transplant, and the baby boy was born prematurely at 31 weeks after the mother developedpre-eclampsia.[22]
As of 2023 more than 100 uterus transplants have taken place with around 50 babies being born worldwide.[23][24]
Promising research includes the use of laboratory-grown structures, which are less subject to the complications of non-vaginal tissue, and may be grown using the woman's own cells as a culture source.[25][26]
A 2014 study and experiment with laboratory-grown engineered vaginas using the patient's own cells resulted in fully functional vaginas capable of menstruation, sustainingpenetrative sex, and orgasm in 4 patients, showing promise of fully correcting this condition.[27][28]
The prevalence remains sparsely investigated. To date, two population-based nationwide studies have been conducted both estimating a prevalence about 1 in 5,000 live female births.[contradictory][29][30] According to some reports,Queen Amalia of Greece may have had the syndrome, but a 2011 review of the historical evidence concludes that it is not possible to determine the inability of her and her husband to have a child.[31][6] Their inability to conceive an heir contributed to the overthrow of the kingKing Otto.[31]
