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Vaccination schedule

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Series of vaccinations
See also:Vaccination policy § By country
Example Polish call for vaccination againstdiphtheria andtetanus
Global vaccination coverage 1980 to 2019 among one year olds[1]

Avaccination schedule is a series ofvaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence. Avaccine is anantigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to adisease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects ofinfection by any natural or "wild"pathogen.[2] Vaccines go through multiple phases of trials to ensure safety and effectiveness.World Health Organization-guided childhood vaccine schedules protect against 30 infectious diseases, and following them is crucial to prevent risks to children and the community, having saved over 154 million lives in the past 50 years.[3]

Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years.[4] Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.[5]

Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, sub national areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common. For instance,yellow fever vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease.[6] In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage.

Sample vaccination schedules discussed by theWorld Health Organization show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25.[7] This difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized.

Worldwide

[edit]

Childhood vaccine schedules, guided by World Health Organization and developed by global experts, protect against 30 infectious diseases.[3] Following the recommended schedule is crucial, as delays or changes increase risk for children and the community.[3]

TheWorld Health Organization monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's program, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures.[8] The table below shows the types of vaccines given in example countries. The WHO publishes on its website current vaccination schedules for all WHO member states.[9] Additional vaccines are given to individuals more likely to come into contact with specific diseases through work or travel (e.g. military), or after potentially infectious exposure. Examples includerabies,anthrax,cholera andsmallpox.[10][11]

Diseases covered by the vaccination schedule in each country[12]
CountryRef.
 AfghanistanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 AlbaniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 AlgeriaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 AndorraYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 AngolaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Antigua and BarbudaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ArgentinaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ArmeniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 AustraliaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 AustriaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 AzerbaijanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BahamasYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BahrainYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BangladeshYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BarbadosYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BelarusYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BelgiumYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 BelizeYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BeninYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BhutanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BoliviaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BotswanaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BrazilYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BruneiYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BulgariaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 Burkina FasoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 BurundiYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Cape VerdeYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 CambodiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 CameroonYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 CanadaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Central African RepublicYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ChadYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ChileYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ChinaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ColombiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ComorosYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 CongoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Cook IslandsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Costa RicaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 CroatiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 CubaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 CyprusYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 Czech RepublicYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 DenmarkYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 DjiboutiYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 DominicaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Dominican RepublicYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 DR CongoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 EcuadorYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 EgyptYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 El SalvadorYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Equatorial GuineaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 EritreaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 EstoniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 EswatiniYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 EthiopiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 FijiYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 FinlandYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 FranceYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 GabonYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 GambiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 GeorgiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 GermanyYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[13]
 GhanaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 GreeceYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 GrenadaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 GuatemalaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 GuineaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Guinea-BissauYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 GuyanaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 HaitiYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 HondurasYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Hong KongYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[14]
 HungaryYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 IcelandYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 IndiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 IndonesiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[15]
 IranYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 IraqYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 IrelandYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 IsraelYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ItalyYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Ivory CoastYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 JamaicaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 JapanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes[16][17]
 JordanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 KazakhstanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 KenyaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 KiribatiYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 KuwaitYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 KyrgyzstanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LaosYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LatviaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LebanonYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LesothoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LiberiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LibyaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LithuaniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 LuxembourgYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MadagascarYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MalawiYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MalaysiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MaldivesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MaliYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MaltaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Marshall IslandsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MauritaniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MauritiusYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MexicoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MicronesiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MoldovaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MonacoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MongoliaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MontenegroYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MoroccoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MozambiqueYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 MyanmarYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 NamibiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 NauruYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 NepalYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 NetherlandsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 New ZealandYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 NicaraguaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 NigerYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 NigeriaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 NiueYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 North KoreaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 North MacedoniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 NorwayYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 OmanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 PakistanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 PalauYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 PanamaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Papua New GuineaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ParaguayYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 PeruYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 PhilippinesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 PolandYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 PortugalYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 QatarYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 RomaniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 RussiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 RwandaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Saint Kitts and NevisYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Saint LuciaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SamoaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 San MarinoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 São Tomé and PríncipeYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Saudi ArabiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SenegalYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SerbiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SeychellesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Sierra LeoneYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SingaporeYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SlovakiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SloveniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Solomon IslandsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SomaliaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 South AfricaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 South KoreaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 South SudanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SpainYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Sri LankaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SudanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SurinameYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SwedenYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SwitzerlandYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 SyriaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TajikistanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TanzaniaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ThailandYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Timor-LesteYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TogoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TongaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 Trinidad and TobagoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TunisiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TurkeyYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TurkmenistanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 TuvaluYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 UgandaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 UkraineYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 United Arab EmiratesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 United KingdomYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 United StatesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 UruguayYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 UzbekistanYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 VanuatuYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 VenezuelaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 VietnamYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 YemenYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ZambiaYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
 ZimbabweYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes


By country

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

The Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunization Program (NIP) Schedule. All vaccines available under the Australian immunization schedule are free of charge under thePharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.[18]

Vaccine Schedule for Australia: 1 April 2019[19]
InfectionBirthMonthsYearsPreg
Women
2461218412–<1314–<16>15>5065+70
RotavirusRV†RV†
Hepatitis AHepA§[a]HepA§[a]
Hepatitis BHepB†DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib†DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib†DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib†DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib‡DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib‡DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib‡[b]
DiphtheriaTdap†Tdap†
Pertussis
Tetanus
PolioDTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib‡
Haemophilus influenzae
MeningococcusMenACWY†MenACWY‡MenACWY†MenACWY‡[b]
PneumococcusPCV13†PCV13†PCV13#PCV13†PCV13‡[b]
PCV13§[a]
PPSV23#PPSV23#§PPSV23§PPSV23†
MeaslesMMR†MMRV†MMRV‡[b]
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella
Human papillomavirusHPV x2†HPV x2‡[b]
InfluenzaIIV (yearly)†IIV (yearly)†
IIV (yearly)#
IIV (yearly)§
Herpes ZosterZVL
  •   † Recommended ages for everyone.
  •   # Recommended ages for certain other high-risk groups.
  •   ‡ Recommended ages for catch-up immunization.
  •   § Recommended range of additional vaccinations forAboriginals andTorres Strait Islanders.
  1. ^abcQueensland,Northern Territory,Western Australia,South Australia
  2. ^abcdeAll people aged less than 20 years are eligible for free catch up vaccines.

Austria

[edit]

Austrian vaccine recommendations are developed by the National Vaccination Board (German:Nationales Impfgremium), which is part of theFederal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection.[20]

Children aged 14 and older can be vaccinated without parental consent.[21]

Brazil

[edit]

All recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the public health services.

Brazilian National Vaccination Schedule: 2019[22]
InfectionGestationBirthMonthsYears
23456912154591110–5960+
TuberculosisBCG
Leprosy
Hepatitis AHepA
Hepatitis BHepB5V5V5V
DiphtheriaDTPaDTPDTPdT
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae
PolioIPVIPVIPVOPVOPV
Pneumococcus10v10v10v
MeningococcusMenCMenCMenCMenC
RotavirusRVRV
MeaslesMMRMMRV
Mumps
Rubella
VaricellaVV
Yellow feverYF
Human papillomavirusHPV x2 (girls)HPV x2 (boys)
FluIIVIIV (yearly)IIV (yearly)

Canada

[edit]

In Canada, publicly funded immunization schedules may vary from province or territory.

Alberta

[edit]
Alberta Vaccine Schedule: 2015[23]
InfectionMonthsYears
2461218410–1315–1765+
Hepatitis BHepB
DiphtheriaDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPTdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzaeHIBHIBHIBHIB
PneumococcusPneuC13PneuC13PneuC13
PolioIPVIPVIPVIPVIPV
MeaslesMMRVMMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella
MeningococcusMenCMenCMenC-ACYW
Human papillomavirusHPVHPV (boys)
FluIIV (yearly)

British Columbia

[edit]
British Columbia Vaccine Schedule: 2015[23]
InfectionMonthsYears
2461218410–1315–1765+
Hepatitis BHepBHepBHepB
RotavirusRVRV
DiphtheriaDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPTdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzaeHIBHIBHIBHIB
PneumococcusPneuC13PneuC13PneuC13
PolioIPVIPVIPVIPVIPV
MeaslesMMRMMRV
Mumps
Rubella
VaricellaVV
MeningococcusMenCCVMenCCV
Human papillomavirusHPV (girls)
FluIIV (yearly)

New Brunswick

[edit]
New Brunswick Vaccine Schedule: 2015[23]
InfectionBirthMonthsYears
2461218410–1315–1765+
Hepatitis BHepBHepBHepB
DiphtheriaDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPTdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzaeHIBHIBHIBHIB
PneumococcusPneuC13PneuC13PneuC13
PolioIPVIPVIPVIPVIPV
MeaslesMMRVMMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella
MeningococcusMenCCVMenC-ACYW
Human papillomavirusHPV (girls)
FluIIV (yearly)

Ontario

[edit]
Ontario Vaccine Schedule: 2017[23]
InfectionMonthsYears
246121518410–1315–17
Hepatitis BHepB
RotavirusRVRV
DiphtheriaDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPTdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzaeHIBHIBHIBHIB
PneumococcusPCV13PCV13PCV13
PolioIPVIPVIPVIPVIPV
MeaslesMMRVMMRV
Mumps
Rubella
VaricellaVV
MeningococcusMenCMenC-ACYW
Human papillomavirusHPV (girls)

Quebec

[edit]
Quebec Vaccine Schedule: 2019[24][25]
InfectionMonthsYears
24612184–6914–16Adult506575
Hepatitis AHepA
Hepatitis BHepBHepBHepBHepB
RotavirusRVRV
DiphtheriaDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPTdapTdapTdapTdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzaeHIBHIBHIBHIB
PneumococcusPCV10PCV10PCV10PPV23
PolioIPVIPVIPVIPVIPV
MeaslesMMRMMRV
Mumps
Rubella
VaricellaVV
MeningococcusMenCCMenCC
Human papillomavirusHPV
FluIIVIIVIIVIIV (yearly)

Finland

[edit]
Vaccination Schedule for Finland[26][27]
InfectionBirthMonthsYears
2356121834611–1214–152565+
TuberculosisBCG[a]
RotavirusRVRVRV
DiphtheriaDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPTdapTd (10‑yearly)[b]
Tetanus
Pertussis
PolioIPVIPVIPVIPV
Haemophilus influenzaeHIBHIBHIB
Hepatitis BHepB
PneumococcusPCV10[28]PCV10[28]PCV10[28]PCV13 +PPSV23[28][c]
MeaslesMMR[d]MMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella[e]VV
Human papillomavirusHPV[29]
InfluenzaIIV3[f]IIV3
Tick-borne encephalitisTBE[g]
  1. ^For specific at risk-groups only (to be given at the earliest age))
  2. ^Thereafter Td booster every 10 years with or without vaccination against poliomyelitis (IPV) in case of travel to endemic areas and when previous IPV dose was given more than 5 years before
  3. ^Recommended but not free of charge for those over 65 years.
  4. ^Vaccination can be given from 6 months of age in case of travel abroad. If vaccination starts before 12 months of age, 2 doses are recommended (14–18 months and 6 years) The temporary recommendation of giving measles at 12 months of age was made a permanent recommendation; ie. now MMR should be given from 12–18 months except if travelling abroad to measles infected countries when it can be given from 6 months on. In case MMR is given at 6–11 months, the child needs a second and third dose to complete the series.
  5. ^Varicella vaccination implemented from 1 September 2017. Catch-up to all those born on 1 January 2006 or after and with no history of varicella.
  6. ^One or two doses administered depending on previous influenza vaccination history. Annual vaccination. IIV tri-or quadrivalent used as follows: IIV3 for all those 6–35 months. IIV4 with nonpreferential alternative to all those 24–35 months. IIV3 also recommended to medical risk group children from 36 months up.
  7. ^TBE vaccination for to those living permanently on the island of Åland
History
1960: Mumps vaccinations for military recruits.
1975: Measles vaccination for 1 year old children.
1975: Rubella vaccination for 11–13 years old girls and seronegative mothers.
1982: Two doses of MMR vaccination at 14–18 months and 6 years of age were introduced in the national childhood vaccination programme.
2009: Rotavirus vaccine introduced at 2, 3 and 5 months to all children (September 2009)
2010: PCV introduced at 3, 5 and 12 months of age to all children (September 2010).
2013: HPV vaccination of girls introduced
2017: Varicella vaccination introduced (1 September 2017) at 18 months, 6 years + catch-up of all born from 1 January 2006 or after with no history of varicella.
2020: HPV vaccination of boys introduced[30]

France

[edit]
Vaccination Schedule for France
InfectionMonthsYears
012461112131516–182325611–13254565+
TuberculosisBCG†BCG#
DiphtheriaD†D†D†D†D†d†
TetanusTT†TT†TT†TT†TT†
PertussisacP†acP†acP†acP†acp†
PolioIPV†IPV†IPV†IPV†IPV†
Haemophilus influenzaeHib†Hib†Hib†
Hepatitis BHepB†HepB†HepB†HepB†HepB†
PneumococcusPCV†PCV†PCV†
MeningococcusMenC†
MeaslesMEAS†MEAS†
MumpsMUMPS†MUMPS†
RubellaRUMBE†RUMBE†
Human papillomavirusHPV†
InfluenzaTIV†
Herpes ZosterHZ†
  † General Recommendation  # Recommended for specific groups only.  ‡ Catch-up

Germany

[edit]

In Germany, a vaccination schedule is developed by theStanding Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), which operates as part of theRobert Koch Institute. The recommendations are generally adopted by theFederal Joint Committee.

Vaccination Schedule for Germany
InfectionWeeksMonthsYears
6234111214152325–6914151718–4559>60
RotavirusRV†RV†RV†
DiphtheriaD†D†D†D†D‡d‡d†d†d†
TetanusTT†TT†TT†TT†TT‡TT‡TT†TT†TT†
PertussisacP†acP†acP†acP†acP‡acP‡acp†acp†acp†
PolioIPV†IPV†IPV†IPV†IPV‡IPV‡IPV†IPV‡
Haemophilus influenzaeHib†Hib†Hib†Hib†Hib‡Hib‡
Hepatitis BHepB†HepB†HepB†HepB†HepB‡HepB‡
PneumococcusPCV†PCV†PCV†PCV†PCV‡Pnc#PPSV23†
MeningococcusMenC†MenC‡
MeaslesMEAS†MEAS†MEAS‡MEAS#
MumpsMUMPS†MUMPS†MUMPS‡
RubellaRUMBE†RUMBE†RUMBE‡
VaricellaVAR†VAR†VAR‡
Human papillomavirusHPV†HPV‡
InfluenzaTIV†
Tick-borne EncephalitisTBE#
  † General Recommendation  # Recommended for specific groups only.  ‡ Catch-up

Hong Kong

[edit]
Main article:Immunisation Programme in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong,Department of Health is responsible for providing free vaccinations from newborns up to primary school students.

India

[edit]

In India, the standard vaccination schedule is recommended by theIndian Academy of Paediatrics(IAP).[31] The latest schedule was the one given in 2016.[32]

IAP Immunization Timetable: 2016[32]
InfectionBirthMonthsYears
1.52.53.5699-12121516-181824–610–12
TuberculosisBCG
PolioOPVOPVOPVOPV
Hepatitis BHepBHepBHepB
RotavirusRVRVRV
DiphtheriaDTwPDTwPDTwPDTwPDTwPTdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzaeHIBHIBHIBHIB
PneumococcusPCVPCVPCVPCV
PolioIPVIPVIPVIPV
MeaslesMMRMMRMMR
Mumps
Rubella
TyphoidTCVTCV
Hepatitis AHepAHepA
VaricellaVVVV
Human papillomavirusHPV (girls)

Italy

[edit]
Vaccination Schedule for Italy
InfectionBirthMonthsYears
35–61113155–611–1865+
DiphtheriaD†D†D†D†d†
TetanusTT†TT†TT†TT†TT†
PertussisacP†acP†acP†acP†acp†
PolioIPV†IPV†IPV†IPV†
Haemophilus influenzaeHib†Hib†Hib†
Hepatitis BHepB#HepB†HepB†HepB†
PneumococcusPCV†PCV†PCV†
MeningococcusMenC†MenC‡
MeaslesMEAS†MEAS†MEAS‡
MumpsMUMPS†MUMPS†MUMPS‡
RubellaRUMBE†RUMBE†RUMBE‡
VaricellaVAR†
Human papillomavirusHPV†
InfluenzaTIV†
  † General Recommendation  # Recommended for specific groups only.  ‡ Catch-up

Japan

[edit]

The vaccination schedule in Japan is defined and partially recommended byImmunization Act [ja] (Japanese:予防接種法) and its relatedcabinet order [ja] (Japanese:予防接種法施行令).[16][17] By the combined laws, infections are categorized into two groups: Category A is recommended for vaccination to prevent pandemic whereas Category B is only for a personal care purpose.[33] As of January 2020, fourteen infections are Category A diseases and two are Category B on the legal lists.[16][17] The Act and the Order were enacted for mandatory vaccination in 1948 with punitive clauses, only the clauses were repealed in 1976 and eventually vaccination has become non-mandatory since 1994.[34]

Japan Vaccine Schedule: January 2020[16][17]
InfectionAct/
Order
(Category)		BirthMonthsYears
23612243660≧5[a]7>[a]7.5
(90 mo)		91112[b]13>16[b]60–64[c]
& 65+
DiphtheriaAct (A)DTaP-IPVDT
TetanusAct (A)
PertussisAct (A)
PolioAct (A)
MeaslesAct (A)MR (1st)MR (2nd)
RubellaAct (A)
Japanese encephalitisAct (A)Japanese encephalitis (1st)Japanese encephalitis (2nd)
TuberculosisAct (A)BCG
Haemophilus influenzaeAct (A)Hib
PneumococcusAct (A)Pneumococcal
Order (B)Pneumococcal
Human papillomavirusAct (A)HPV vaccine
SmallpoxOrder (A)Not specified by the act or the order
VaricellaOrder (A)Varicella
Hepatitis BOrder (A)Hep B
InfluenzaOrder (B)Flu
  1. ^abVaccines for measles and rubella (MR vaccine) can be received anytime from 5 y/o before 7 y/o, AND the time should be also between one year and one day before the first day of schooling (quote: "五歳以上七歳未満の者であって、小学校就学の始期に達する日の一年前の日から当該始期に達する日の前日までの間にあるもの".
  2. ^abHPV for female students only. Vaccination can be started from the first day of school year within she turns 12, and until the last day of school year within she turns 16 (quote: "十二歳となる日の属する年度の初日から十六歳となる日の属する年度の末日までの間にある女子").
  3. ^Age 60–64 with certain diseases: heart, kidney or respitory failures, or with an immune-related disorder due toHIV infection.

Only in the legal term in Japan, citizens get old one day before their birthdays. If a person was born on January 1, 2020, and Immunization Act specifies vaccine against measles could be received from age 12 months to 24 months, vaccination shall be practiced between December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021 (not between January 2021 and January 2022.)[35][36] Some vaccinations are scheduled in line with the school year system, which starts from April 1 in Japan.[37] As explained, those who born on April 1 and on April 2 get old legally on March 31 and April 1, respectively. Thus, these two people are in different school years and thereby they may take vaccines in different calendar years.

Legal age counting system in Japan[35][36][37]
RecipientsBirthMonthsYears
23612243660≧5[a]7>[a]7.5
(90 mo)		91112[b]13>16[b]
Person A[c]Dec 31, 2019Feb29, 2020[d]Mar 30, 2020Jun 30, 2020Dec 30, 2020Dec 30, 2021Dec 30, 2022Dec 30, 2024Apr 1, 2025Mar 31, 2026Jun 30, 2027Dec 30, 2028Dec 30, 2030Apr 1, 2031Dec29, 2032Mar 31, 2036
Person B[c]Jan 1, 2020Feb29, 2020[d]Mar 31, 2020Jun30, 2020Dec 31, 2020Dec 31, 2021Dec 31, 2022Dec 31, 2024Apr 1, 2025Mar 31, 2026Jun30, 2027Dec 31, 2028Dec 31, 2030Apr 1, 2031Dec30, 2032Mar 31, 2036
Person C[c]Apr 1, 2020May 31, 2020Jun 31, 2020Sep30, 2020Mar 31, 2021Mar 31, 2022Mar 31, 2023Mar 31, 2025Apr 1,2025Mar 31,2026Sep30, 2027Mar 31, 2029Mar 31, 2031Apr 1, 2031Mar30, 2033Mar 31,2036
Person D[e]Apr 2, 2020Jun 1, 2020Jul 1, 2020Oct 1, 2020Apr 1, 2021Apr 1, 2022Apr 1, 2023Apr 1, 2025Apr 1,2026Mar 31,2027Oct 1, 2027Apr 1, 2029Apr 1, 2031Apr 1,2032Mar31, 2033Mar 31,2037
  1. ^abVaccines for measles and rubella (MR vaccine) can be received anytime from 5 y/o before 7 y/o, AND the time should be also between one year and one day before the first day of schooling (quote: "五歳以上七歳未満の者であって、小学校就学の始期に達する日の一年前の日から当該始期に達する日の前日までの間にあるもの".
  2. ^abHPV for female students only. Vaccination can be started from the first day of school year within she turns 12, and until the last day of school year within she turns 16 (quote: "十二歳となる日の属する年度の初日から十六歳となる日の属する年度の末日までの間にある女子").
  3. ^abcStarts elementary schooling from April 1, 2026
  4. ^ab2020 is a leap year. Person B socially turns 2 months old on March 1, 2004. In the legal term, however, Person B's 2-month birthday is the day before March 1, 2004. Thus, It shall be February 29, 2004. There are no February 30 or 31 in 2020. As a result Person A and Person B have the same 2-month birthday.
  5. ^Starts elementary schooling from April 1, 2027


New Zealand

[edit]
New Zealand Immunization Schedule: 1 March 2023[38]
InfectionGestationBirthWeeksMonthsYears
6351215411–1213-254565+
TuberculosisBCG#[a]
RotavirusRVRV
DiphtheriaTdapDTaP-HepB-IPV-HibDTaP-HepB-IPV-HibDTaP-HepB-IPV-HibDTaP-IPVTdapTdapTdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Hepatitis BHepB +HBIG#[b]
Haemophilus influenzaeHib
PneumococcusPCV13PCV13#[c]PCV13PCV13
MeningococcusMenBMenBMenBMenACWY + MenB#[d]
MeaslesMMRMMR
Mumps
Rubella
VaricellaVVVV ‡[e]
Human papillomavirusHPV9
Herpes ZosterHZ
InfluenzaIIVIIV# (yearly)[f]IIV (yearly)
  General Recommendation  # Recommended for specific groups only.  ‡ Catch-up
  1. ^For children at high risk of tuberculosis
  2. ^For babies of Hepatitis B carrier mothers
  3. ^For children at high risk of pneumococcal disease
  4. ^For adolescents and young adults in communal living environnments (e.g. boarding schools and university halls of residence)
  5. ^For children who have not previously received the varicella vaccine or had a varicella infection
  6. ^For people who have certain chronic health conditions, have a history of serious respiratory illness in early childhood, or are receiving care for serious mental health conditions.
History

Major additions, replacements and removals from the New Zealand Immunization Schedule include:[39]

1958: First Schedule: DTwP and DT
1961: Polio (OPV) added
1971: Measles, rubella and tetanus toxoid added
1979: Rubella changed to girls only
1988: HepB added
1990: MMR replaced measles and rubella
1994: HIB added; Td replaced tetanus toxoid
1996: DT dropped
1997: Influenza added
2000: DTaP replaced DTwP
2002: IPV replaced OPV
2006:MeNZB and Tdap added
2008: MeNZB dropped, PCV7 added, HPV4 added for females only
2011: PCV10 replaced PCV7
2014: RV5 added, PCV13 replaced PCV10
2017: HPV9 replaced HPV4 and extended to males, RV1 replaced RV5, PCV10 replaced PCV13, VV added.
2018: HZ added.
2020: Td dropped.

Nigeria

[edit]

All recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the Federal Ministry of Health.

Nigerian National Vaccination Schedule:[40]
InfectionBirthMonthsYears
234691845
TuberculosisBCG
Leprosy
Hepatitis BHepB5V5V5V
DiphtheriaDTP
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae
PolioOPVOPVOPVOPVOPVOPV
PneumococcusPCVPCVPCVPCV
MeningococcusMCVMCV
Yellow feverYF

Spain

[edit]
Vaccination Schedule for Spain
InfectionBirthMonthsYears
24612183–46121465+
DiphtheriaD†D†D†D†d†d†d†
TetanusTT†TT†TT†TT†TT†TT†TT†
PertussisacP†acP†acP†acP†acp†
PolioIPV†IPV†IPV†IPV†
Haemophilus influenzaeHib†Hib†Hib†Hib†
Hepatitis BHepB†HepB†HepB†
PneumococcusPCV†PCV†PCV†PPSV23†
MeningococcusMenC†MenC†MenC†
MeaslesMEAS†MEAS†
MumpsMUMPS†MUMPS†
RubellaRUMBE†RUMBE†
VaricellaVAR†
Human papillomavirusHPV†
InfluenzaTIV†
  † General Recommendation  # Recommended for specific groups only.  ‡ Catch-up

United Kingdom

[edit]

The United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule is recommended by the Department of Health andNational Health Service, and uses combination immunisations where available.

United Kingdom Vaccine Schedule: 2020[41]
InfectionMonthsYears
234122–103–412–1313–1516–18
DiphtheriaDTaPDTaPDTaPDTaPTd
Tetanus
Pertussis
PolioIPVIPVIPVIPVIPV
Haemophilus influenzaeHIBHIBHIBHIB
MeningococcusMenBMenBMenB/CMenACWY
RotavirusRVRV
PneumococcusPCVPCV
Hepatitis BHepBHepBHepB
MeaslesMMRMMR
Mumps
Rubella
InfluenzaLAIV
HPVHPVx2

Non-routine vaccinations

[edit]

Some children may receive vaccines in addition to those listed in the table:

  • BCG vaccine is given at birth to "children born in areas of the country where there are high numbers of TB cases" and "children whose parents or grandparents were born in a country with many cases of TB."[41]
  • Hepatitis B vaccine is given at birth to "babies born to mothers who have hepatitis B".[41]
  • The injected flu vaccine is offered annually to "children 6 months to 17 years old with long-term health conditions".[41]

Adult vaccinations

[edit]

The five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routinebooster doses are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.[42]Pneumococcus vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen (asplenia), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly.[43]Flu vaccine is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-term medical conditions, health and social care professionals, pregnant women, andpoultry workers.[44] The shingles vaccine is recommended for those over 70.[41] Additionally, pregnant women are advised to have the pertussis vaccine.[45]

United States

[edit]

The most up-to-date schedules are available from CDC'sNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. In the US, theNational Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.[46]

Vaccine Schedule for the United States: 2020[47][48]
InfectionBirthMonthsYears
1246912151819–232–34–67–1011–1213–151617–1819–2627–4950–6465+
Hepatitis BHepB†HepB†HepB‡HepB†HepB‡HepB x2–3#
RotavirusRV†RV†RV†
DiphtheriaDTaP†DTaP†DTaP†DTaP‡DTaP†DTaP‡DTaP†Tdap‡Tdap†Tdap‡Td or Tdap (every 10 years)†
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzaeHib†Hib†Hib†Hib‡Hib†Hib‡Hib#Hib x1–3#
PolioIPV†IPV†IPV†IPV‡IPV†IPV‡
PneumococcusPCV13†PCV13†PCV13†PCV13‡PCV13†PCV13‡PCV13#PCV13#PCV13§
PPSV23#PPSV23 x1–2#PPSV23†
InfluenzaIIV (yearly)†IIV or LAIV (yearly)†
MeaslesMMR#MMR†MMR‡MMR†MMR‡MMR x1–2‡
Mumps
Rubella
VaricellaVAR†VAR‡VAR†VAR‡VAR x1–2‡VAR 2x#
Hepatitis AHepA#HepA x2†HepA‡HepA x2–3#
MeningococcusMenACWY#MenACWY†MenACWY‡MenACWY†MenACWY‡MenACWY x1–2#
MenB x2–3#
MenB§
Human papillomavirusHPV#HPV x2–3†HPV‡HPV‡HPV§
Herpes ZosterRZV or ZVL†
  •   † Range of recommended ages for everyone. See references for more details.
  •   # Range of recommended ages for certain high-risk groups. See references for more details.
  •   ‡ Range of recommended ages for catch-up immunization or for people who lack evidence of immunity (e.g., lack documentation of vaccination or have no evidence of prior infection).[a]
  •   § Recommended vaccination based on shared clinical decision-making.
  1. ^CDC providesmore detailed information in catch-up immunizations.

During pregnancy

[edit]

The CDC recommends pregnant women receive some vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine a month or more before pregnancy. The Tdap vaccine (to help protect against whooping cough) is recommendedduring pregnancy. Other vaccines, like the flu shot, can be given before or during pregnancy, depending on whether or not it is flu season. Vaccination is safe right after giving birth, even while breastfeeding.[49][50][51][52]

History

[edit]

In 1900, thesmallpox vaccine was the only one administered to children. By the early 1950s, children routinely received three vaccines, for protection againstdiphtheria,pertussis,tetanus, andsmallpox, and as many as five shots by two years of age.[5] Since the mid-1980s, many vaccines have been added to the schedule. In 2009, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendedvaccination against at least fourteen diseases. By two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor.[5] The use of combination vaccine products means that, as of 2013[update], the United Kingdom's immunization program consists of nine injections by the age of two, rather than 22 if vaccination for each disease was given as a separate injection.[53]

Vaccination has saved over 154 million lives in the past 50 years.[3]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Global vaccination coverage".Our World in Data. Retrieved5 March 2020.
  2. ^"What Is a Vaccine".NIAID. Archived fromthe original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved2010-05-04.
  3. ^abcd"WHO statement on autism-related issues".www.who.int. Retrieved2025-09-26.
  4. ^"Tetanus: Prevention". Mayo Clinic. 2006-09-21. Retrieved2008-07-17.
  5. ^abc"History of Vaccine Schedule | The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia". Retrieved2010-05-04.
  6. ^Update on Yellow Fever in the Americas,http://www.paho.org/english/SHA/be_v21n2-yellowfever.htm, the Epidemiological Bulletin, Vol. 21 No. 2, June 2000, Pan American Health Organization, accessed July 18, 2007
  7. ^State of the World's Vaccines and Immunizations (pdf) from theWorld Health Organization (2003 edition)
  8. ^"WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring System".World Health Organization. 22 December 2006. Archived fromthe original on July 7, 2005. Retrieved2007-01-02.
  9. ^"Immunization schedules by antigens".apps.who.int.
  10. ^"Immunization schedules by diseases".apps.who.int. Retrieved2019-11-27.
  11. ^"Vaccines: VPD-VAC/List of VPDs". Retrieved2010-06-08.
  12. ^"Vaccination schedule".WHO Immunization Data portal. Retrieved3 October 2025.
  13. ^abcdefghijk"Vaccine Scheduler | ECDC".vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu. Retrieved2019-10-08.
  14. ^"Schedule of Hong Kong Childhood Immunisation Programme".Family Health Service, Department of Health, Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved2020-12-12.
  15. ^"Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2017 Tentang Penyelanggaraan Imunisasi"(PDF) (in Indonesian). Kemenkes. 6 February 2017. Retrieved4 December 2019.
  16. ^abcd"予防接種法 (法令番号：昭和二十三年法律第六十八号); Immunization Act (Law number: Act No. 68 of 1948)".Japanese Law Translation (日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム).Ministry of Justice (Japan). 2016-11-07. Retrieved2020-02-24The translated law from Japanese to English is the latest version as of February 2020, followed by 平成二十五年法律第百三号 改正 (Amendment of Act No. 103 of 2013).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[permanent dead link]
  17. ^abcd"予防接種法施行令（昭和二十三年政令第百九十七号）第1条: 政令で定めるＡ類疾病、第1条の2: 政令で定めるＢ類疾病、第1条の3: 市町村長が予防接種を行う疾病及びその対象者" [Immunization Act Implementation Order (Law number: Order No. 197 of 1948) | Article 1: Category A diseases under the Order; Article 1-2: Category B diseases under the Order; Article 1-3: vaccine recipients and vaccination schedule under city mayors' initiatives].e-Gov Law Database (in Japanese). Administrative Management Bureau, theMinistry of Internal Affairs and Communications. 2018-03-30. Retrieved2020-02-24.平成三十年政令第百六号改正、2018年4月1日施行分 (version information: Amendment of Order No. 106 of 2018)
  18. ^"Immunise – About the Program". Archived fromthe original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved2010-05-05.
  19. ^"National Immunisation Program Schedule". 1 April 2019. Retrieved29 May 2020.
  20. ^"Nationales Impfgremium".Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection (in German). Retrieved1 August 2021.
  21. ^"Impfung: Kinder ab 14 können selbst entscheiden" [Vaccination: Children can decide for themselves at 14].Kurier (in German). 1 June 2021. Retrieved1 August 2021.
  22. ^"CALENDÁRIO NACIONAL DE VACINAÇÃO - 2019"(PDF). Retrieved2023-09-07.
  23. ^abcd"Immunization schedule tool".Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved2015-02-01.
  24. ^"Protocole d'immunisation du Québec (PIQ) / Calendrier régulier de vaccination".Gouvernement du Québec, 2019. Retrieved2019-03-12.
  25. ^"Les garçons désormais vaccinés contre le VPH au Québec".ICI Quebec / Radio-Canada, 1 Sept. 2016. Retrieved2019-03-12.
  26. ^"Vaccine Scheduler| ECDC".vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu. Retrieved2019-11-07.
  27. ^"Rokotusohjelman historia – Rokottaminen – THL".Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (in Finnish). Retrieved2019-11-07.
  28. ^abcd"Pneumokokkikonjugaattirokote eli PCV-rokote – Rokottaminen – THL".Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (in Finnish). Retrieved2019-11-14.
  29. ^"THL – HPV, or human papillomavirus vaccine".thl.fi. Retrieved2021-12-03.
  30. ^"Vaccinating boys against HPV (human papillomavirus) has started - Press release - THL".Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland. Retrieved3 December 2021.
  31. ^Vashishtha, Vipin M.; Choudhury, Panna; Kalra, Ajay; Bose, Anuradha; Thacker, Naveen; Yewale, Vijay N.; Bansal, C. P.; Mehta, Pravin J.; Indian Academy of Pediatrics (October 2014)."Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) recommended immunization schedule for children aged 0 through 18 years – India, 2014 and updates on immunization".Indian Pediatrics.51 (10):785–800.doi:10.1007/s13312-014-0504-y.ISSN 0974-7559.PMID 25362009.S2CID 40329033.
  32. ^ab"Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP)".www.iapindia.org. Retrieved2017-07-21.
  33. ^"予防接種とは？" [What is vaccination?] (in Japanese). 公益社団法人東京医師会 (Tokyo Medical Association, a public interest incorporated association). Retrieved2020-02-10.
  34. ^"日本のワクチン政策の変遷" [History of vaccination policy in Japan](PDF).The Value of VACCINE (in Japanese) (改訂版 (revised version)).Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA):14–19. 2014.
  35. ^ab"予防接種を受けるときの注意" [Legal notice for vaccination] (in Japanese). 東京都中野区 (Nakano City Hall, Tokyo). 2019-11-06. Retrieved2020-02-27.
  36. ^ab"定期の予防接種における対象者の解釈について（事務連絡）" [Legal age counting system for the routine vaccination (operational notice)](PDF) (in Japanese). 厚生労働省健康局結核感染症課 (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare). 2014-03-11. Retrieved2020-02-27.
  37. ^ab"Q 4月1日生まれの児童生徒の学年についてどうなるのでしょうか。" [Q: In which academic year is a schoolchild born on April 1?] (in Japanese). 文部科学省 (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology). Retrieved2020-03-01.
  38. ^"New Zealand Immunisation Schedule". Ministry of Health (New Zealand). Retrieved27 May 2020.
  39. ^"Appendix 1: The history of immunisation in New Zealand".Ministry of Health NZ. Retrieved2021-03-18.
  40. ^"Immunization in Nigeria". Archived fromthe original on 2018-10-29. Retrieved2018-10-28.
  41. ^abcde"NHS vaccinations and when to have them".nhs.uk. 2019-07-31. Retrieved2020-12-19.
  42. ^"Immunisation – FAQs – Will I need more boosters in the future?". Archived fromthe original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved2010-05-05.
  43. ^"Immunisation – FAQs – How often will I need this vaccine?". Archived fromthe original on 2008-11-12. Retrieved2010-05-05.
  44. ^"Immunisation – Having the vaccination – Who is the vaccine for?". Archived fromthe original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved2010-05-05.
  45. ^"Whooping cough vaccination in pregnancy".nhs.uk. 2020-12-03. Retrieved2020-12-19.
  46. ^"Vaccine Information Statements: Instructions"(PDF). Retrieved2010-05-05.
  47. ^"Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for ages 18 years or younger – United States, 2020"(PDF).CDC. Retrieved2014-02-08.
  48. ^"Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for ages 19 years or older – United States, 2020"(PDF).CDC. Retrieved28 May 2020.
  49. ^"Pregnancy and Vaccination | Vaccines for Pregnant Women | CDC".www.cdc.gov. 2017-07-20. Retrieved2018-02-28.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
  50. ^"Get the Whooping Cough Vaccine While You Are Pregnant".Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-07-24. Retrieved2018-02-28.
  51. ^"Update on Immunization and Pregnancy Tetanus Diphtheria and Pertussis Vaccination – ACOG".www.acog.org. Retrieved2018-02-28.
  52. ^"Immunization in Pregnancy and Postpartum"(PDF). May 2014.
  53. ^"Immunisation schedule".National Health Service. Archived fromthe original on 2017-03-18. Retrieved2013-03-22.

External links

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