 Two Wa women in traditional clothing | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| approx. 1.2 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| 800,000 | |
| 400,000 | |
| 10,000 | |
| Languages | |
| Wa Secondary languages: | |
| Religion | |
| Animism Buddhism[1] Christianity | |
TheWa people (Wa: Vāx;Burmese:ဝလူမျိုး,[wa̰lùmjóʊ];Chinese:佤族;pinyin:Wǎzú;Thai:ว้า) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in NorthernMyanmar, in the northern part ofShan State and the eastern part ofKachin State, near and alongMyanmar's border with China, as well as in China'sYunnan Province.
Historically, the Wa have inhabited theWa States, a territory that they have claimed as their ancestral land sincetime immemorial.[2] It is a rugged, mountainous area located between theMekong and theSalween River, with theNam Hka flowing across it. The Wa traditionally practicedsubsistence agriculture by cultivatingrice, peas, beans,poppies andwalnuts. They bredwater buffaloes, which they used mainly forsacrificial purposes.[3] Generally, the traditional customs of the Wa, as well as their lifestyle, are very similar to those of theNaga people further to the Northwest.[4] The Wa people speak theWa language which is part of theMon-Khmer group of languages.
Many of the Wa areanimists and a small proportion of the population follows a derivative of eitherBuddhism orChristianity.
British journalist and colonial administratorSir George Scott described how in the Waorigin myths the first Wa originated from two female ancestorsYa Htawm andYa Htai who spent their early phase astadpoles(rairoh) in a small lake known asNawng Hkaeo. The lake is located in the northeastern Wa territory in the border area between China and Myanmar.[5]
Very little is known about the early history of the Wa. What is known is mostly made up of local legends telling that in the distant past the historicalWa States and all the territories of eastern Shan State, as well as large swathes of the adjacent areas of present-day China had belonged to the Wa. In the area of the formerKengtung State the Wa were displaced around 1229 and were later defeated by KingMangrai. At the time ofBritish rule in Burma theShan were the majority in Kengtung state, with other groups such asAkha andLahu forming sizable communities. The Wa now form a minority of only about 10% in Kengtung District despite having been the original inhabitants.[6]
The Wa originally hadanimist religious beliefs[7] centered around ritual blood sacrifices. Villages had a spirit healer(Tax Cao Chai) and the traditional way of dealing with sickness or other problems was to sacrifice a chicken, a pig or a larger animal, depending from the magnitude of the affliction. According to local legend, the practice of cutting ahuman head was intended as a ritual sacrifice in order to improve thefertility of the rice fields. Traditional villages had also shrines(Nyiex Moeg) where a buffalo was sacrificed once every year at a special Y-shaped post namedKhaox Si Gang with an offering of the blood, meat and skin performed at it. Additionally, among the traditional spirit-worshiping Wa—a practice that still exists among the Christian Wa—animals were sacrificed at festivities like weddings and funerary rituals. However, the Wa that were under Buddhist influence developed different traditions.[8]
In the traditional Wa societymonogamous marriage was the norm and there was sexual freedom for both men and women before marriage. The chewing ofbetel withareca nut was formerly also an important custom.[9] The Wa have different kinds of traditional dances. One important dance in their culture is accompanied by the beating of a large hollow wooden drum. This way of dancing, among other Wa dances[10] such as the hair dance[11] and festivals,[12] is being promoted as a tourist attraction by the Yunnan tourism authorities in China.[13] TheWa Women's Association also promotes dance, as well as other cultural and philanthropic activities.[14]
The Wa people also have a well-engraineddrinking culture, with large amounts of local moonshine being produced and are widely believed to on average consume the largest amount of alcohol in China.[15]
TheWa language forms a language group belonging to thePalaungic branch of theAustroasiatic language family. It formerly had no script and the few Wa who were literate usedChinese characters, while others used theShan language and its script.Christian missionary work among the Wa began at the beginning of the 20th century first in the Burmese and later in the Chinese areas of the Wa territory. It was led byWilliam Marcus Young ofNebraska. The first transcription of the Wa language was devised by Young and Sara Yaw Shu Chin in 1931 with the purpose of translating the Bible. This first Wa alphabet was based on theLatin script and the first publication was a compilation of Wahymns in 1933,[16] the WaNew Testament being completed in 1938. This transcription, known as "Bible orthography" is known as "老佤文" (lǎowǎwén; 'old Wa orthography') in Chinese, and is now used mainly in the Burmese Wa areas and among the Wa in Thailand. A revised Bible orthography has been adopted as "official Wa spelling" by the authorities of theWa Self-Administered Division in Pangkham, which have published a series of primers in order to improve the literacy of the United Wa State Army troops. Also, after 2000 Wa people in social networks such asFacebook and other online media, as well as Wa songwriters inkaraoke lyrics[17] of Wa songs[18] use this Myanmar (revised Bible) "official Wa orthography" in its main variations.[19]
In China, a transcription adapted to the newpinyinromanization, known as "PRC orthography" or "China official orthography", was developed for the Wa people in 1956. However, its publications, mainly propagated through the Yunnan administration, are yet to reach a wider public beyond academics.[20] This new Wa alphabet is treated as the first formal script of the Wa.[21]
TheWestern Lawa are officially considered part of the Wa minority in China and are also known as 'tame Wa'.[22]
Very little has been written about the Wa people except in theChinese language.[23] The area where they live had been traditionally administered by aSaopha, a Shan hereditary chief. In the second half of the 19th century, the British authorities in Burma judged the Wa territory remote and of difficult access. Thus, exceptingMang Lon where theSaopha resided, the British left the Wa State without administration, its border with China undefined. That situation suited the Wa well, for throughout their history they had consistently preferred being left alone.[24]
The Wa were largely portrayed by colonial administrators as wild and dirty people owing to their practice of headhunting.[7] However, Chinese documents written prior to the twentieth century rarely mentioned the Wa as headhunters and yet it is this aspect of Wa culture that has been cited more than any other in order to emphasize the primitiveness of the Wa.[25]
The prejudice continues in modern times when the Wa, who are economically not that different from other ethnichill tribes in the area such as theLahu people, are largely known for their rebel army and as being involved in drug trafficking, overshadowing other aspects of their culture.[26]
The international border that had been defined between Burma and China made that the Wa people were divided between the two countries. The Wa regions in Burma were largely left alone until the 1950s, when remnants ofChiang Kai-shek'sNational Revolutionary Army fled the 1949Chinese Communist Revolution. A decade and a half later, the region was under the influence of theCommunist Party of Burma, which was very active in the area. During that time opium cultivation and sales grew and the ancient traditional life became disrupted, but also an administrative system that collected revenue and maintained a significant armed force, as well as a rudimentary infrastructure, ushered the Wa region into the modern era.[27]
In 1989 the Wa authorities expelled the Burma Communist Party and negotiated a cease-fire with the then leader of Burma's military juntaKhin Nyunt. They founded theUnited Wa State Army andUnited Wa State Party with a centralized command. In return for agreeing to the ban of poppy cultivation and opium production the region experienced a massive influx of international development aid. TheWa Special Region 2 was created within the northeastern Shan State, with its de facto capital inPangkham.[27]
TheUnited Wa State Army was one of the world's largestnarco-armies, with up to 10,000 men under arms.[7] Until 1996 the UWSA was involved in a conflict against theMong Tai Army which suited the objectives of theTatmadaw in the area. During this conflict the Wa army occupied areas close to the Thai border, ending up with the control of two separate swathes of territory north and south of Kengtung. In 1999 when the Burmese military requested the Wa fighters to return to the northern area the UWSA refused.[28]
During the 1990s the areas controlled by the UWSA were involved in heroin production.[29][30] During the 2000s, the United Wa State Army shifted focus into amphetamine production.[29][30] Records of official seizures compiled by the United Nations suggest that in 2006 Myanmar was the source of half of Asia's methamphetamine, known in Thailand asyaba, and some experts believe that most drug labs are in areas under Wa control.[7]
The land where the Wa have been traditionally living is divided between Burma and China. The international border cuts the ancestral Wa region roughly in half.
The Wa are one of the56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China.In China, the Wa live in compact communities in theXimeng Va Autonomous County (in Wa:Mēng Ka orSi Moung),Cangyuan Va Autonomous County,Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County (Gaeng Līam),Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County (Gaeng Mīex orGaeng Māx),Lincang (Mēng Lām),Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County (Si Nblāeng orMēng Mēng),Zhenkang County, andYongde County in southwestern Yunnan. Their population in China is estimated at 400,000.
The "Benren" (本人) of Yongde County and Zhenkang County, Yunnan are officially classified as Wa by the Chinese government, but consider themselves to be a separate ethnicity from the Wa.[31] Their autonym is "Siwa" (斯佤). The Benren are distributed in:
The Wa are one of the 135officially recognized ethnic groups of Myanmar. Their proportion to Myanmar's total population is 0.16.[33] Although little is known about the ancient history of the Wa, they are acknowledged by other dominant ethnic groups in Shan State, such as the Tai Yai, to be the original inhabitants of the area.[26]
In Burma, the Wa live mostly in small villages nearKengtung and north and northeastwards close to the Chinese border, as well as a small area east ofTachileik. The Wa Special Region 2 of the Northern Shan State orWa State was formed by theUnited Wa State Army (UWSA) and the remains of the former Burmese Communist Party rebel group that collapsed in 1989. The Wa State and the UWSA are in a fragile cease-fire agreement with the Burmese military government.[34] They have been accused by Western governments of involvement in drug trafficking but have banned opium production since 2005 and have received United Nations aid in improving legitimate agriculture.
As stipulated by the 2008 Burmese Constitution, on 20 August 2010 theWa Self-Administered Division has been established.[35][36] It is set to be administered by the Wa people and its territory is between the gorges of the Mekong and Salween, in the east part of the Shan State, near the border with the Chinese province of Yunnan.
In recent times some Wa communities from Burma have crossed the border and settled inThailand, where they have no official status as aHill Tribe. The Wa live mainly in theMae Sai District andMae Yao subdistrict ofChiang Rai Province, as well as inWiang Pa Pao District in southern Chiang Rai Province andChiang Dao District inChiang Mai Province.[37] In Thailand the Wa having come recently from Burma are often referred to as 'Lawa', although they do not strictly belong to the latter ethnic subgroup.
Media related toWa people at Wikimedia Commons| Sino-Tibetan |
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| Indo-European | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Others | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Overseas diaspora |
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| Related | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Immigrants and expatriates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Underlined: the 56 officially recognised ethnic groups ranked by population in their language families according to2020 census | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
