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VSSUnity

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

American commercial sub-orbitable space ship
"VSS Voyager" redirects here; not to be confused withUSS Voyager.
VSSUnity
Virgin GalacticSpaceShipTwoUnity rollout, 19 February 2016, FAITH hangar, Mojave, California
General information
TypeScaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo
ManufacturerThe Spaceship Company
OwnersVirgin Galactic
Construction number2[1]
RegistrationN202VG[2]
History
First flight
  • 8 September 2016[3]
    (captive carry flight)
  • 3 December 2016
    (glide flight)
  • 5 April 2018
    (powered flight)
  • 13 December 2018
    (spaceflight dependent upon definition)
In service2016–2024
FateRetired 8 June 2024


VSSUnity (Virgin Space ShipUnity,registration:N202VG), previously referred to asVSSVoyager, is a retiredSpaceShipTwo-classsuborbitalrocket-powered crewedspaceplane. It was the secondSpaceShipTwo to be built and was part of theVirgin Galactic fleet. It first reached space as defined by the United States (above 50 miles or 80.5 km) on 13 December 2018, on theVP-03 mission.[4]

Unity was able to reach space as defined by the U.S. Air Force,NASA, and theFAA, by going over 50 miles (80.5 km) above sea level. However, it was unable to go above theKármán line, theFAI's defined space boundary of 100 km (62.1 miles).

VSSUnity was rolled out on 19 February 2016[5][6] and completed ground-basedsystem integration testing in September 2016, prior to its first flight on 8 September 2016.[3][7][8]

Unity was retired on 8 June 2024 after its final flight took place on that date, as Virgin Galactic shifted its focus to the next generation Delta-class vehicles.[9]

Overview

[edit]

VSSUnity, the secondSpaceShipTwo suborbital spaceplane forVirgin Galactic,[10] was the first SpaceShipTwo built byThe Spaceship Company. The ship's name was announced on 19 February 2016.[4] Prior to the naming announcement, the craft was referred to asSpaceShipTwo, Serial Number Two.[11][12] There was speculation in 2004 that Serial Number Two would be named VSSVoyager,[13] an unofficial name that was repeatedly used in media coverage.[14][15][16] The nameUnity was chosen by British physicistStephen Hawking. Hawking's eye was also used as the model for the eye logo on the side ofUnity.[17]

History

[edit]
VSSUnity under construction

The manufacture ofUnity began in 2012.[2] The spacecraft's registration, N202VG, was filed in September 2014.[18] As of early November 2014, the build ofUnity was about 90 percent structurally complete, and 65 percent complete overall.As of April 2015, ground tests ofUnity were projected to be able to begin as early as late 2015,[19]after being projected as early as mid-2015 as of November 2014.[1][20][21]On 21 May 2015,Unity reached the milestone of bearing the weight of the airframe on its own wheels.[22]The spaceship was unveiled on 19 February 2016,[23] as Virgin Galactic founder SirRichard Branson had projected in November 2015; ground and flight testing commenced thereafter.[24][25]

VSSUnity was the second SpaceShipTwo to be completed; the first,VSSEnterprise, wasdestroyed in a crash in late October 2014.[10][15]

After rollout and unveiling, a phase of testing called "Integrated Vehicle Ground Testing" began on VSSUnity in February 2016.[8]

Test flight program

[edit]
See also:VSS Enterprise § Flight test program

VSSUnity underwent a test regimen similar to VSSEnterprise and then embarked on testing beyond whatEnterprise experienced. The test flights were expected to be fewer, asEnterprise had already tested the design's responses under numerous conditions. For each flight test, theWhite Knight Two aircraft carriedUnity to altitude. Testing began with captive carry flights, in whichUnity was not released from its carrier aircraft. Testing then progressed to free-flight glide testing, and continued with powered test flights.[26]

On 8 September 2016, Virgin Galactic commenced flight testing ofUnity with a captive-carry flight.[7] On 1 November 2016, Virgin Galactic conducted another captive-carry flight ofUnity but cancelled the glide portion of the flight because of wind speed.[27] On 3 November and 30 November, additional captive-carry flights took place.[28][29][30]

In July 2017, Richard Branson suggested that the craft was to begin powered tests at three-week intervals.[31] In September 2017, CEO George Whitesides suggested that engine testing was complete, and that only a "small number of glide flights" remained before VSSUnity would begin powered test flights.[32] The first powered flight test took place on 5 April 2018 when a 30-second rocket firing acceleratedUnity to a speed ofMach 1.87 and an altitude of 84,271 ft (25,686 m).[33][34] The first powered test flight ofUnity exceeded the altitude of all powered test flights of its predecessor,Enterprise.[35]

VSSUnity VP-03, the firstsuborbital spaceflight of VSSUnity was successfully completed on 13 December 2018, surpassing the 50 miles (80 km) altitude considered theboundary of outer space by NASA and the United States Air Force.[36][37]

Following its February 2019 flight to space, VSSUnity began to undergo modifications including installation of the commercial cabin, and changes to cockpit displays.[38] Upon completion of these modifications, VSSUnity along with its carrier craft,VMSEve, were moved toSpaceport America in New Mexico in February 2020.[39] After completing two additional glide tests in New Mexico in May and June 2020, VSSUnity underwent final modifications to the commercial cabin[40] and in July 2020, Virgin Galactic first publicly showed the interior of the spacecraft.[41]

Unity then continued the test flight program in the years 2020–2023. A notable flight occurred in 2021 when Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson flew aboardUnity to space. The final test flight (defined as final flight with only Virgin Galactic personnel onboard) wasVirgin Galactic Unity 25 mission on 25 May 2023. The first operational flight ofUnity (defined as the first flight flying passengers that were not Virgin Galactic employees) wasGalactic 01 on 29 June 2023.

The flights of VSSUnity ended mid-2024 to focus the effort on the next generation Delta-class vehicles, expected for 2025–26.[42]

List of spaceflights by VSSUnity

[edit]
VSSUnity flights into space (above 50 miles)
FlightDateOutcomeTop speedAltitudeCrew
VSSUnity VP-0313 December 2018SuccessMach 2.9[43]82.72 km (51.40 mi)Mark P. Stucky andFrederick W. Sturckow
VSSUnity VF-0122 February 2019SuccessMach 3.04[44]89.9 km (55.9 mi)[45]Dave Mackay,Michael Masucci, andBeth Moses (passenger)
VSSUnity VF-0212 December 2020, 16:15 UTC (aborted)[46]Aborted prior to ignitionN/AN/ADave Mackay andFrederick W. Sturckow. Attempted spaceflight[47]
VSSUnity 2122 May 2021, 15:26UTCSuccessMach 389.2 km (55.4 mi)Dave Mackay andFrederick W. Sturckow[48]
VSSUnity 2211 July 2021, 15:04UTCSuccess[a]Mach 3.286 km (53 mi)David Mackay,Michael Masucci,Sirisha Bandla,Colin Bennett,Beth Moses andRichard Branson
VSSUnity Unity 2525 May 2023, 16:23UTC[50]SuccessMach 2.94[51]87.2 km (54.2 mi)Michael Masucci,Frederick W. Sturckow,Beth Moses, Luke Mays, Jamila Gilbert, Christopher Huie
Galactic 0129 June 2023, 15:28UTC[52]SuccessMach 2.8885.1 km (52.9 mi)Michael Masucci,Nicola Pecile,Walter Villadei, Angelo Landolfi, Pantaleone Carlucci andColin Bennett
Galactic 0210 August 2023, 15:17UTC[53]SuccessMach 3.0088.5 km (55.0 mi)CJ Sturckow,Kelly Latimer,Beth Moses,Jon Goodwin,Keisha Schahaff,Anastatia Mayers
Galactic 038 September 2023, 15:22UTC[54]SuccessMach 2.9588.6 km (55.1 mi)Michael Masucci, Nicola Pecile,Beth Moses, Timothy Nash,Ken Baxter,Adrian Reynard[55]
Galactic 046 October 2023, 16:10UTC[56]SuccessMach 2.9587.4 km (54.3 mi)Kelly Latimer,CJ Sturckow,Beth Moses, Ron Rosano,Trevor Beattie,Namira Salim
Galactic 052 November 2023, 15:44UTC[57]SuccessMach 2.9687.2 km (54.2 mi)Michael Masucci,Kelly Latimer, Colin Bennett,Alan Stern,Kellie Gerardi, Ketty Maisonrouge
Galactic 0626 January 2024, 17:42UTC[58]SuccessMach 2.9888.8 km (55.2 mi)CJ Sturckow, Nicola Pecile, Lina Borozdina, Robie Vaughn, Franz Haider, Neil Kornswiet
Galactic 078 June 2024SuccessMach 2.9687.5 km (54.4 mi)Nicola Pecile,Jameel Janjua,Tuva Cihangir Atasever, Giorgio Manenti, Irving (Yitzhak) Pergament, Andy Sadhwani
Final Unity flight
  1. ^The flight was initially claimed to be successful but it was later revealed Unity briefly stepped outside the airspace that had been reserved for it and the FAA were not informed as required. The FAA grounded Virgin Galactic's space planes before allowing a resumption of flights after some changes to procedures including reserving a larger volume of airspace.[49]

Full list of flights

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromList of Virgin Galactic launches § VSSUnity flights.[edit]
Legend
[edit]
CodeDetail
GFxxGlide Flight
CCxxCaptive Carry Flight
CFxxCold Flow Flight
PFxxPowered Flight
FxxFeathering deployed
Flights
[edit]
Flight designationDateDurationMaximum altitudeTop speedPilot / co-pilot / passengersNotes
01 / CC018 September 201615.2 km (50,000 ft)Stucky /Mackay[59]
02 / CC021 November 2016Strong winds, no release during flight intended as GF01[60]
03 / CC033 November 2016Strong winds, no release during second attempt at GF01
04 / CC0430 November 2016Test of minor modifications
05 / GF013 December 201610 minutes[61]16.8 km (55,000 ft)Mach 0.6Stucky / MackayFirst Glide Flight[62][63][64][65]
06 / GF0222 December 2016Stucky / Mackay[66]
07 / GF0324 February 2017Sturckow / Mackay3rd Glide Flight
08 / GF041 May 2017Stucky / MasucciF01[67]
09 / CF011 June 2017Mackay / Sturckow[68]
10 / GF064 August 2017Mackay / SturckowFirst flight with major propulsion components aboard.[69][70]
11 / GF0711 January 2018Mach 0.9Stucky / Masucci[71][72][73][74]
12 / PF015 April 201825.7 km (84,300 ft)Mach 1.87Stucky / MackayF02[75]
13 / PF0229 May 201834.9 km (114,501 ft)[76][77]Mach 1.9Mackay / StuckyTest of changed center of gravity as passenger seats carried for first time. F03[78]
14 / PF0326 July 201852.1 km (170,800 ft)[79]Mach 2.47[79]Mackay / Masucci[80]ReachedMesosphere for first time.[81]
15 / VP-0313 December 201882.7 km (271,330 ft)Mach 2.9[82]Stucky / SturckowReachedouter space for first time according to the US definition of thespace border.[83]
16 / VF-0122 February 201989.9 km (295,007 ft)[84][85]Mach 3.04[84]Mackay / Masucci /Moses[84]Carried third crew member (1 in the passenger cabin) for the first time[84]
17 / GF081 May 202015.24 km (50,000 ft)[86]Mach 0.7[86]Mackay / Sturckow[86]First flight from New Mexico[86]
18 / GF0925 June 202015.54 km (51,000 ft)[87]Mach 0.85[87]Stucky / Masucci[87]
1912 December 2020Mackay / SturckowFirst attempted crewed spaceflight from New Mexico, aborted due to computer malfunction, engine ignited and automatically turned off.[88]
21 /VF-0322 May 202189.23 km (55.45 mi)Mackay / SturckowFirst crewed spaceflight (above 50 miles) from New Mexico[89]
2211 July 202186.1 km (53.5 mi)[90]Mackay / Masucci / Sirisha Bandla, Colin Bennett, Beth Moses, Richard BransonFirst fully crewed[note 1] flight included Richard Branson.
24 / GF1026 April 20239 minutes13.5 km (47,000 ft)Sturckow / Pecile[91]
2525 May 202314 minutes87.2 km (54.2 mi)Mach 2.94Masucci / Sturckow / Moses / Mays / Gilbert / Huie[92][93]
Galactic 0129 June 202313:50 minutes85.1 km (52.9 mi)Mach 2.88Masucci / Pecile / Villadei / Carlucci / Pandolfi / BennettFirst VSS Unity commercial service flight, carrying members of theItalian Air Force.[94]
Galactic 0210 August 202315:38 minutes88.5 km (55.0 mi)Mach 3.00Sturckow / Latimer / Moses / Goodwin / Schahaff / MayersFirst VSS Unity flight carrying a private astronaut.[95]
Galactic 038 September 202312:37 minutes88.6 km (55.1 mi)Mach 2.95Masucci / Pecile / Moses / Baxter / Reynard / Nash[96]
Galactic 046 October 202314:23 minutes87.4 km (54.3 mi)Mach 2.95Latimer / Sturckow / Moses / Rosano / Beattie / Salim[97]
Galactic 052 November 202314:20 minutes87.2 km (54.2 mi)Mach 2.96Masucci / Latimer / Bennett / Stern / Gerardi / Maisonrouge[98]
Galactic 0626 January 202488.8 km (55.2 mi)Mach 2.98Sturckow / Pecile / Borozdina / Vaughn / Haider / Kornswiet
Galactic 078 June 202487.5 km (54.4 mi)Mach 2.96Pecile / Janjua / Atasever/ Manenti /Pergament / SadhwaniFinal Unity flight

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toVSS Unity.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^TheSpaceShipTwo vehicles (like VSS Unity) were originally designed for 8 people, 6 passengers and 2 pilots, so whether this flight was fully-crewed is debatable. But it is true that at the time of this flight, only 6 seats (4 passengers, 2 pilots) were installed in VSS Unity, so in this sense this flight was fully-crewed. Also, no SpaceShipTwo vehicle, VSSUnity in particular, ever had more than 6 seats installed and never flew with more than 6 people (2 pilots, 4 passengers) onboard, so in this sense this flight was also fully-crewed.

References

[edit]
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External links

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Aircraft (main designs)
Aircraft (as subcontractor)
Technology demonstrators
Rocketcraft (as subcontractor)
Spaceflight program
Programs / Ships
Ansari X Prize flights
Model numbers
Notable people
Related companies
SpaceShipOne hanging under White Knight
Notable people
Background
Programs / ships
Related topics
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