AV6 engine is a six-cylinderpiston engine where the cylinders and cylinder blocks share a commoncrankshaft and are arranged in aV configuration.
The first V6 engines were designed and produced independently byMarmon Motor Car Company,Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik andDelahaye. Engines built after World War II include theLancia V6 engine in 1950 for theLancia Aurelia,[1] and theBuick V6 engine in 1962 for theBuick Special. The V6 layout has become the most common layout for six-cylinder automotive engines.
Due to their short length, V6 engines are often used as the larger engine option for vehicles which are otherwise produced with inline-four engines, especially intransverse engine vehicles. A downside forluxury cars is that V6 engines produce more vibrations thanstraight-six engines. Some sports cars like thePorsche 911 useflat-six engines instead of V6 engines, due to their near perfect primaryengine balance and lowercentre of gravity (which improves thehandling).
The displacement of modern V6 engines is typically between 2.5 and 4.0 L (153 and 244 cu in), though larger and smaller examples have been produced, such as the 1.8 L (110 cu in)Mazda V6 used in the 1991–1998Mazda MX-3,[2] or the 1.6 L (98 cu in)Mitsubishi V6 engine used in the 1992–1998Mirage/Lancer, while the largest gasoline V6 built was the 7.8 L (478 cu in)GMC V6 used in the 1962GMC C/K series 6500.
All V6 engines with even firing spacing—regardless of the V-angle between the cylinder banks—are subject to a primary imbalance caused by each bank consisting of aninline-three engine, due to the odd number of cylinders in each bank. Straight-six engines and flat-six engines do not experience this imbalance. To reduce the vibrations caused by this imbalance, most V6 engines use aharmonic damper on the crankshaft and/or a counter-rotatingbalance shaft.
Six-cylinder designs have less pulsation in the power delivery than four-cylinder engines, due to the overlap in the power strokes of the six-cylinder engine. In a four-cylinder, four-stroke engine, only one piston is on a power stroke at any given time. Each piston comes to a complete stop and reverses direction before the next one starts its power stroke, which results in a gap between power strokes, especially at lower engine speeds (RPM). In a six-cylinder engine with an even firing interval, the next piston starts its power stroke 60° before the previous one finishes, which results in smoother delivery of power to the flywheel.
Comparing engines on a dynamometer, a V6 engine shows instantaneous torque peaks of 154% above mean torque and valleys of 139% below mean torque, with a small amount of negative torque (engine torque reversals) between power strokes. In the case of a four-cylinder engine, the peaks are approximately 270% above mean torque and 210% below mean torque, with 100% negative torque being delivered between strokes. However, a V6 with uneven firing intervals of 90° and 150° shows large torque variations of 185% above and 172% below mean torque.[3]
Since 1991, Volkswagen has produced narrow angleVR6 engines with V-angles of 10.5 and 15 degrees shared by both banks of cylinders, in a design similar to the 1922-1976Lancia V4 engine. These engines use a single cylinder head so are technically a straight engine with the name "VR6" coming from the combination of German words “Verkürzt” and “Reihenmotor” meaning “shortened inline engine”. The VR6 engines were used intransverse engine front-wheel drive cars which were originally designed for inline-four engines. Due to the minimal extra length and width of the VR6 engine, it could be fitted to the engine compartments relatively easily, in order to provide a displacement increase of 50 percent.
Since there is no room in the V between the cylinder banks for an intake system, all the intakes are on one side of the engine, and all the exhausts are on the other side. It uses a firing order of 1-5-3-6-2-4 (which is the firing order used by most straight-six engines), rather than the common V6 firing order of 1-2-3-4-5-6 or 1-6-5-4-3-2.
A V-angle of 60 degrees is the optimal configuration for V6 engines regarding engine balance.[4] When individualcrank pins are used for each cylinder (i.e. using a six-throw crankshaft), an even firing interval of 120 degrees can be used. This firing interval is a multiple of the 60 degree V-angle, therefore the combustion forces can be balanced through use of the appropriatefiring order.
The inline-three engine that forms each cylinder bank, however, produces unbalanced rotating and reciprocal forces. These forces remain unbalanced in all V6 engines, often leading to the use of abalance shaft to reduce the vibration.
The 1950 Lancia V6 engine was pioneering in its use of a six-throw crankshaft in order to reduce vibration. More recent designs often use a three-throw crankshaft with 'flying arms' between the crankpins to allow an even firing interval of 120 degrees to be achieved. A pair of counterweights on the crankshaft can then be used to almost perfectly cancel out the primary forces[5]: 16 and reduce the secondary vibrations to acceptable levels.[5]: 13–16 The engine mounts can be designed to absorb these remaining vibrations.[5]: 40–41
A 60 degree V-angle results in a narrower engine overall than V6 engines with larger V-angles. This angle often results in the overall engine size being a cube shape,[citation needed] making the engine easier to fit either longitudinally or transversely in the engine compartment.
Many manufacturers, particularly American ones, built V6 engines with a V-angle of 90 degrees based on their existing 90-degree V8 engines. Such configurations were easy to design by removing two cylinders and replacing the V8 engine's four-throw crankshaft with a three-throw crankshaft. This reduced design costs, allowed the new V6 to share components with the V8 engine, and sometimes allowed manufacturers to build the V6 and V8 engines on the same production line.
The downsides of a 90 degree design are a wider engine which is more vibration-prone than a 60 degree V6. The initial 90 degree V6 engines (such as theBuick Fireball V6 engine) had three shared crankpins arranged at 120 degrees from each other, due to their origins from the V8 engines. This resulted in an uneven firing order, with half of the cylinders using a firing interval of 90 degrees and other half using an interval of 150 degrees. The uneven firing intervals resulted in rough-running engines with "unpleasant" vibrations at low engine speeds.
Several modern 90 degree V6 engines reduce the vibrations using split crankpins offset by 30 degrees between piston pairs, which creates an even firing interval of 120 degrees for all cylinders.[4] For example, the 1977Buick 231 "even-fire" V6 engine was an upgraded version of the Buick Fireball engine with a split-pin crankshaft to reduce vibration by achieving an even firing order.[5]: 16 [7] Such a 'split' crankpin is weaker than a straight one, but modernmetallurgical techniques can produce a crankshaft that is adequately strong.
A balance shaft and/or crankshaft counterweights can be used to reduce vibrations in 90 degree V6 engines.[5]: 14–44
At first glance, 120 degrees might seem to be the optimal V-angle for a V6 engine, since pairs of pistons in alternate banks can share crank pins in a three-throw crankshaft and the combustion forces are balanced by the firing interval being equal to the angle between the cylinder banks. A 120 degree configuration, unlike the 60 degree or 90 degree configurations, would not require crankshafts with flying arms, split crankpins, or seven main bearings to be even-firing. However, the primary imbalance caused by odd number of cylinders in each bank still remains in a 120 degree V6 engine. This differs from the perfect balance achieved by a 90 degree V8 engine with a commonly usedcrossplane crankshaft, because the inline-four engine in each bank of the V8 engine does not have this primary imbalance.
A 120 degree design also results in a large width for the engine, being only slightly narrower than aflat-six engine (which does not have the balance problems of the V6 engine). Therefore, the flat-six engine has been used in various automobiles, whereas use of the 120 degree V6 engine has been limited to a few truck and racing car engines, with the exception ofMcLaren Automotive'sM630 V6 engine, which uses a 120 degree bank angle with a single balance shaft to eliminate all primary couples. The McLaren M630 engine also takes advantage of the wide angle by placing the turbochargers inside the vee, commonly referred to as a 'hot vee' configuration. The Ferrari 296 GTB is the first Ferrari road car to sport a V6 turbo with a vee angle of 120 degrees between the cylinder banks.
Other angle V6 engines are possible but can suffer from severe vibration problems unless very carefully designed. Notable V-angles include:
In 1906, a few years after 4 cylinder engines and V8 engines had come into existence, the first known V6 engine was built. This V6 engine was a single prototype automotive engine built byMarmon Motor Car Company in the United States.[8] The engine did not reach production. Similarly, a single prototype engine was produced byBuick in 1918.[9]: 77–78
In 1910Delahaye produced the first 30° 3.2-litre V6 which was installed in the 1911 Delahaye Type 44 automobile.[10][11]
TheLancia V6 engine was introduced in the 1950Lancia Aurelia. Lancia had been producing V4 engines for approximately 30 years, and one of the key goals was to reduce the vibrations compared with the V4 engine. The V6 engine used a 60 degree V-angle and six crankpins, resulting in an evenly-spaced firing order to reduce vibrations.[12][page needed]
Other manufacturers took note and soon other V6 engines were designed. In 1959, theGMC V6 engine was introduced in the form of a 60-degree 305 cu in (5 L) petrol engine used in pickup trucks andcarryalls. TheBuick V6 engine was introduced in 1962 and was based on the all-alloyBuick 215 V8, which shared its 90° bank angle, but unlike the Buick V8, used all-cast iron construction. Initially an uneven-firing engine, Buick later redesigned the crankshaft to a "split-pin" configuration to create an "even-firing" version. After it became the 3800 V6 in 1990, the engine gained a reputation as a reliable, powerful, fuel-efficient workhorse that became a mainstay of GM's FWD mid-size and full-size cars. It was discontinued in 2008. Over 25 million units had been built, making it one of the most-produced engines in history, and it was onWard's 10 Best Engines of the 20th century list.
Ford introduced its European road car engines in 1965 with the German division'sCologne V6, and theFord Essex V6 engine, introduced by Ford's United Kingdom division in 1966; both engines used a 60-degree V-angle. The 1967Dino 206 GT was Ferrari's first V6 road car, which had a 65-degree V-angle.
The 1979-2005Alfa Romeo V6 engine was introduced in theAlfa Romeo Alfa 6 luxury sedan and later used in many other Alfa Romeo models. This engine used a 60 degree V-angle, an all-aluminium construction and two valves per cylinder. A turbocharged version was introduced in 1991 and a four valve per cylinder version was introduced in 1997. Also in 1970, theCitroën SM grand tourer was introduced, powered by a 90-degree V6 built by Maserati. TheChevrolet 90° V6 engine was introduced in 1978 and produced for 36 years.
The first mass-produced Japanese V6 engine was theNissan VG engine, a 60-degree design which was produced from 1983 to 2004. TheHonda C engine was introduced in 1985, followed by theMitsubishi 6G7 engine and theMazda J engine in 1986, theToyota VZ engine in 1988, and theIsuzu V engine in 1992. Hyundai introduced the first South KoreanHyundai Sigma engine based on technology shared from the Mitsubishi unit in 1995.
German car manufacturers were relatively slow to adopt V6 engines, because engineers believed that they lacked the smoothness of an inline-6 engine. Eventually, the first German V6 engine was a 2.8 liter 90° V6 that was launched in the 1990Audi 100, and the narrow-angleVR6, which was introduced across Volkswagen's mid-size and sports car lineup in the 1990s. In 1998, Mercedes-Benz introduced theM112, its first V6 engine, while BMW has continued to use inline-6 engines. Mercedes-Benz discontinued its V6 engines in 2017, and has since returned to making inline-6 engines.
The first independently designed British V6 engine was theRover KV6 engine, which replaced theHonda C engine that was previously used in theRover 800. Jaguar used the Ford-basedAJ-V6 engine until 2011 in their smaller cars, but also shared a V6 version of the 90°AJ-V8 engine with Land Rover for use in the XE, XF, XJ, F-Type and the F-Pace. Land Rover used it in the Range Rover, Range Rover Sport, Range Rover Velar, and the Discovery 4.
The 90° V6 engine was discontinued in 2020, and Jaguar Land Rover replaced it with the newIngenium engine, which has an inline-6 variant for JLR's bigger cars and SUVs.
By the mid-1990s, the V6 layout was the most common configuration for six-cylinder automotive engines, with V6 engines having replaced most of the straight-six engines. Today, it is being progressively replaced across the car industry by turbocharged 4-cylinder engines, which can produce similar power, but in a smaller package that produces cleaner emissions, has better fuel economy, and are less expensive to produce.
The Lancia Aurelia (the first series production car with a V6 engine) was also successful in motor racing. Four of theAurelia B20 Coupes were entered in the 1951Mille Miglia with the best placed cars finishing second and fourth.[13][14] A tuned 3,102 cc (189 cu in) version of the Lancia V6 engine producing was 169 kW (230 PS) used in theLancia D24. The D24 competed in sports car racing and won the 1953Carrera Panamericana withJuan Manuel Fangio at the wheel.[15][16]
The initial version of theFerrari Dino engine was a 1.5 L (92 cu in) racing engine used in Formula Two racing in the 1957 season. It had a V-angle of 65 degrees and dual overhead camshafts. The Dino V6 underwent several evolutions, including a 2.4 L (146 cu in) version used in the 1958Ferrari 246 Formula One racing car.[17][18] A few years later, the 1961-1964Ferrari 156 Formula One car used a new V6 engine with a V-angle of 120 degrees and a displacement of 1.5 L (92 cu in).[19] This engine was shorter and lighter than the Ferrari Dino engine, and the simplicity and low center of gravity of the engine was an advantage in racing. It won a large number of races between1961 and1964. However, Ferrari's founder had a personal dislike of the 120 degree layout, preferring a 65 degree layout, and after that time it was replaced by other engines.[20]: 138–141 The Dino engine was also used in theLancia Stratos, which was a highly successful rally car that won the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976.
A notable racing use of the Alfa Romeo V6 engine was theAlfa Romeo 155 V6 TI, designed for the1993 DTM season and equipped with a 2.5 L (150 cu in) engine making a peak power of 360 kW (490 PS) at 11,900 rpm.
TheRenault-Gordini CH1 was a 90 degree V6 engine with an iron block. It was introduced in the 1973Alpine -Renault A440 sportscar racing car. This engine won the European 2 L prototype championship in 1974 and severalEuropean Formula Two Championships. A turbocharged 2.0 L (122 cu in) version was used in theRenault Alpine A442, which won the24 Hours of Le Mans in 1978.
A turbocharged 1.5 L (92 cu in) version of theRenault-Gordini CH1 engine was introduced in the 1977Renault RS01 Formula One car. Renault struggled with reliability issues in 1977 and 1978; however, the 1979 season saw some good results at a few races. In 1981, theFerrari 126C Formula One car used a turbocharged V6 engine.[21] Ferrari won theFormula One constructors' championship with turbocharged V6 engines in 1982 and 1983. Initial versions used a 120 degree V-angle, before switching to a 90 degree V-angle for the 1987Ferrari F1/87 racing car. Other successful turbocharged V6 Formula One cars in the era of 1982-1988 were theMcLaren MP4/2,McLaren MP4/3,McLaren MP4/4,Williams FW10,Williams FW11,Williams FW12,Lotus 95T,Lotus 97T,Lotus 98T,Lotus 99T andLotus 100T.
TheNissan GTP ZX-Turbo andNissan NPT-90 competed in theIMSA sports car prototype category from 1985 to 1994 and used a turbocharged V6 engine loosely based on the Nissan VG30ET production car engine.[22][23] TheNissan 300ZX used a similar engine to compete in the 1996-1997All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship (now known as the 'Super GT' championship).[24][25]
Downsizing to V6 engines in open-wheeler racing became more common:
V6 engines are popular powerplants in medium to largeoutboard motors.[citation needed]
The first V6 engine to reach production was built from 1908 to 1913 by theDeutz Gasmotoren Fabrik in Germany. These V6 engines were used as the generator for gasoline-electric railway engines.[26]
TheLaverda V6 was a racing motorcycle which was unveiled at the 1977 Milan show.[27] It entered the 1978Bol d'Or 24 hour endurance race, however it retired with mechanical issues after approximately 8 hours.[28]
Horex has produced road motorcycles with VR6 engines since 2012.[29][30]
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